Breeding relationships among several species of Agaricus

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Anderson ◽  
Dawna M. Petsche ◽  
Frank B. Herr ◽  
Paul A. Horgen
Keyword(s):  
Culture Collection ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Type Culture Collection ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Dikaryotic Mycelium ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Incompatibility Alleles

We have examined the breeding behavior of several species of Agaricus including the cultivated A. brunnescens and the wild A. bitorquis, A. vaporarius, A. arvensis, A. campestris, A. silvicola, and A. placomyces. For A. brunnescens, two homo-karyons carrying auxotrophic mutations and compatible mating types were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. A stable, prototrophic heterokaryon was recovered by nutritional selection from a pairing of the two auxotrophic strains. The two nuclear types were recovered from the heterokaryon by the formation and regeneration of protoplasts, many of which were homokaryotic. In A. bitorquis, a distinct macroscopic interaction correlated with dikaryon formation was observed in compatible matings of single-spore isolates. Fluffy zones of dikaryotic mycelium appeared in compatible pairings where the two cultures met. Mating among monosporous isolates was specified by unifactorial heterothallism. These observations of A. bitorquis were similar to those reported by others. Pairings of isolates from different stocks indicated a minimum of eight incompatibility alleles among 10 stocks of A. bitorquis. Although migration of nuclei generally does not occur in Agaricus, one stock of A. bitorquis produced monosporous isolates with nuclei that migrated through the resident mycelium of some compatible mates. The migration was evident as a fluffy zone of dikaryotic hyphae that spread unilaterally in a pairing. Monosporous isolates of A. vaporarius showed distinct mating interactions similar to those in A. bitorquis. No mating interactions were observed in pairings of sibling monosporous isolates of any of the other species examined. When isolates of different taxonomic species were paired, no reactions suggestive of compatibility were observed between A. brunnescens, A. bitorquis, A. vaporarius, or any of the other species.

The common origin approach to comparing Indian and Greek philosophy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Allen
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
European Origin ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
The Common

This chapter focuses on two kinds of similarity between the two cultures that relate to their shared Indo-European origin. One is a series of correspondences between the journeys to the next world in the Odyssey and in the Kausitaki Upanishad. The other arises from a critique of the Indo-European 'trifunctional ideology' found by Dumézil in Greece and India. The total of three and category of socila function are both too restrictive for a worldview. Dumézil's triadic structure should be replaced with a pentadic one, in which the triad acquires at the bottom what is undesirable and at the top something transcendent. A pentadic structure is found in, for axample, the philosophy known as Samkhya and in the Greek set of five elements.

Robin—My Gateway, Guide, Ears, and Voice in China

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-68
Author(s):  
Ruthellen Josselson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Two Cultures

This chapter is an intense portrait of the Chinese interpreter with some reflections on the slipperiness of language between the two cultures. The close relationship that developed between the author and the interpreter also revealed more nuanced aspects of cultural difference that could be narrated from different perspectives. When the interpreter came to a conference in the United States, subtle cultural differences became apparent in what she viewed as unusual. From her perspective, Americans seemed uncurious about people from China. In Mandarin, there is no word for “the Other.” China is largely an ethnically homogenous society and Western approaches to diversity are hard to understand.

Critical and corpus approaches to English academic text revision

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McKenny ◽  
Karen Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spelling Errors ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Professional Translator

Portuguese academic discourse of the humanities is notoriously difficult to render into English, given the prevalence of rhetorical and discourse features that are largely alien to English academic style. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that some of those features might find their way into the English texts produced by Portuguese scholars through a process of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer. If so, this would have important practical and ideological implications, not only for the academics concerned, but also for editors, revisers, teachers of EAP, translators, writers of academic style manuals and all the other gatekeepers of the globalized culture.
 The study involved a corpus of some 113,000 running words of English academic prose written by established Portuguese academics in the Humanities, which had been presented to a native speaker of English (professional translator and specialist in academic discourse) for revision prior to submission for publication. After correction of superficial grammatical and spelling errors, the texts were made into a corpus, which was tagged for Part of Speech (CLAWS7) and discourse markers (USAS) using WMatrix2 (Rayson 2003). The annotated corpus was then interrogated for the presence of certain discourse features using Wmatrix2 and Wordsmith 5 (Scott 1999), and the findings compared with those of a control corpus, Controlit, of published articles written by L1 academics in the same or comparable journals.
 The results reveal significant overuse of certain features by Portuguese academics, and a corresponding underuse of others, suggesting marked differences in the value attributed to those features by the two cultures.

scholarly journals Bewältigungskapazitäten im deutsch-polnischen Kulturvergleich

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Schonder
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Individualistic Culture ◽  
Training Stress ◽  
University Degree

Malgorzata Schonder: Coping capacities in a German-Polish cultural comparison): Comparative cultural research reveals interesting differences in coping strategies between collectivist and individualistic cultures. However, there is no study in a German-Polish comparison so far. Therefore, the question of whether and to what extent coping capacities of young people from a more individualistic culture (such as Germany) and a more collectivist culture (such as Poland) differ from each other is examined here. According to the results, German students perceive stress more strongly than their Polish colleagues. One possible reason for this could be the training stress. With a university degree, Germans have better chances on the job market. This situation is associated with more competition and pressure to perform. Great importance is attached to individual career design. On the other hand, Poles notice that a graduation does not guarantee employment, and sometimes it even makes it difficult to find a job. The differences could also have their roots in the character of the two cultures, which were influenced by different attitudes to life and religious beliefs (protestantism vs. catholicism

scholarly journals Rituaalikuolema ja perhetragedia

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Heidi Kosonen
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Horror Film ◽  
Disenfranchised Grief ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Elokuvissa ja erityisesti angloamerikkalaisissa elokuvissa kuvataan itsemurhaa usein. Niiden representaatiot heijastelevat kulttuurisia käsityksiä itsemurhasta, mutta myös itsenäisesti vaikuttavat käsitysten syntymiseen. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen Ari Asterin folk-kauhugenreä edustavaa elokuvaa Midsommar – loputon yö (2019). Elokuvassa sisarensa tekemää murha-itsemurhaa sureva Dani matkustaa Yhdysvalloista Ruotsiin fiktiiviseen Hårga-kommuuniin poikaystävänsä ja tämän ystävien kanssa. Hårgalainen juhannusrituaali paljastaa eroja amerikkalaisen ja hårgalaisen kulttuurin välillä muun muassa kuolemasuhteeseen, tunteiden ilmaisuun ja perheeseen liittyen.Keskityn artikkelissa yhtäältä itsemurhaan tai omaehtoiseen kuolemaan tabuluonteisena kuolemana, johon liittyvää samanaikaisen näkymättömyyden ja hypernäkyvyyden dynamiikkaa elokuva mielenkiintoisella tavalla käsittelee. Midsommarin tarinankaaressa itsemurha näyttäytyy vaiettuna traumana ja oikeuttamattomana surun lähteenä, jonka käsittelyä Danin lähipiiri ei tue. Samalla elokuva heijastelee itsemurhan välineellistymistä ja pornoistumista angloamerikkalaisessa viihteessä.Toisaalta keskityn omaehtoisen kuoleman määrittelyn kysymyksiin tarkastelemalla elokuvan esittämää kulttuurista törmäyspistettä, jossa vastakkain asettuvat kahdenlaisten selitysmallien alle asettuvat itsemurhat. Näitä kuolemia voidaan määritellä egoistiseksi ja altruistiseksi viitaten durkheimilaiseen typologiaan, jossa itsemurha esiintyy aina suhteessa yhteiskuntaan. Toisaalta Midsommarin tarinamaailmassa itsemurhat redusoituvat ”diagnostisiksi” ja ”kultistisiksi” marginalisoiduiksi kuolemiksi ja siten heijastelevat normatiivisen biovallan selitysmallien valtaa itsemurhan määrittelyn kysymyksiin.Avainsanat: tabu, kuolema, itsemurha, folk-kauhu, biovaltaRitual Death and Family Tragedy: On Suicide’s Definition and Taboo in Folk Horror Film MidsommarFilms, especially Anglo-American ones, frequently depict suicide. Their representations reflect cultural understandings of suicide, but also independently influence how self-willed death is perceived. In this article I study how suicide is depicted in Ari Aster’s folk horror film Midsommar (2019). In the film, the protagonist Dani, who is mourning her sister’s murder-suicide, travels from the US to a Swedish commune, Hårga, with her boyfriend and his friends. The Hårgan midsummer ritual reveals differences in the two cultures’ relationships to death, emotional expression, and family.One the one hand, I focus on the way the film reflects suicide’s nature as a taboo, as something simultaneously hidden and hypervisible. In the diegesis, suicide appears as a silenced trauma, as a source of disenfranchised grief, and as a death the protagonist is not allowed to mourn. Simultaneously the film reflects suicide’s instrumentalization and pornification in Anglo-American entertainment.On the other hand, I focus on questions related to the definition of suicide or self-willed death. The film depicts conflicts between two cultures, where different explanation models of self-willed death are juxtaposed with one another. On display are two types of suicides that can be referred to as “egoistic” and “altruistic” by reference to Durkheim’s typology, which takes into account suicide’s relationship to society. Yet in Midsommar’s diegesis, these deaths appear as psychologized and culturally marginalized “diagnostic” and “cultist” suicides, and thus reflect the power of normative biopower over how self-willed death is understood and made sense of in the west.Keywords: taboo, death, suicide, folk-horror, biopower

scholarly journals Towards Harmonizing the Mythic and The Modern in Erdrichs Tracks: A Magical Realist Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol V (III) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Mumtaz Ahmad ◽  
Asma Haseeb Qazi ◽  
Sahar Javaid
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Magical Realism ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Female Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The World ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Realist Perspective

This article is an endeavor to provide an insight into Native American novelist Louise Erdrich's use of the magical-realist technique in an attempt to harmonize the mythic and modern conceptions of reality represented by the Native American and Euro American subjects, respectively. The article demonstrates that in an attempt to seek a way possible to intertwine the two cultures, to wed the Native and the European ideologies of the world into accommodative space and to strike out the all-pervasive differences between the two people inhabiting the same land, Erdrich delves into the structuring principles of each culture's conceptualizing and internalizing the reality and the faith in it, and presents them as simultaneous albeit contrary versions of the same events, suggesting the possibility of simultaneous and harmonious co-existence of the two views, each retaining its essential outlook and yet respecting and accommodating the other. Employing Bower and Paula Gunn Allen's theoretical postulations of magical realism as a particular discourse embedded in the mythic and cultural beliefs of the Native American subjects, the article explores the mythic and modern formulations of female identity in Native American magical-realist fiction Tracks.

scholarly journals In Other Words

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Yiqing Liu ◽  
Caiwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Cognitive Perspective ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Target Culture ◽  
Translation Procedure

This empirical study takes a cognitive perspective and examines the translation of metaphors in speeches by Chinese President Xi Jinping as collected in the first volume of the book The Governance of China published in 2014. The study draws upon Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory and Newmark's categories of translation procedure for metaphors. The researchers' data analysis has shown that (1) four out of the eight existing translation procedures for metaphors are employed in translating Xi's metaphors, and (2) while the use of one translation procedure reflects similar cognitive mapping conditions between the source and the target culture, the use of the other procedures does not always correlate with the similarities or differences in cognitive mappings between the two cultures in question. The research raises new inquiries regarding metaphor translation, and the researchers accordingly discuss the implications of their findings for metaphor translation pedagogy and future translation studies.

scholarly journals Psychological Cues to Political Stands: An Experiment with Italians on Regional Autonomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Mannoni
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Regional Autonomy ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Domestic Level ◽  
Similar Issue

The human mind is not necessarily willing to assess costs and benefits every time it faces a decision. It often prefers to rely on cognitive shortcuts (i.e., heuristics) enabling it to decide rapidly and satisfactorily. Most literature on heuristics and biases suggests that a common cognitive shortcut individuals take is looking at what is close to judge what is far. An experiment involving 300 Italian citizens used a questionnaire to test whether it may work the other way around when it comes to politics. This paper investigated whether citizens might use mere exposure to information on a foreign issue as a heuristic to express an opinion on a similar issue at the domestic level. Furthermore, it strived to test whether this occurs more frequently when the individual considers the two cultures involved to be relatively close to each other. Results show data can only partially confirm the expectations.

scholarly journals CONFLUENCIA ENTRE CULTURA NATIVA Y BLANCA EN EL TEATRO NATIVO-AMERICANO CONTEMPORÁNEO: GRANDMA Y GRANDPA (1984) DE HANAY GEIOGAMAH

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidoní López Pérez
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Indigenous Culture ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Culture Performance ◽  
The One

Resumen: Este artículo se centra en las obras teatrales, Grandma y Grandpa (1984) del dramaturgo nativo, Hanay Geiogamah, con la intención de reflejar cómo los personajes indígenas a menudo se encuentran en medio de una confrontación entre la cultura nativa y blanca que intentan reconciliar. Por una parte, es importante para ellos preservar sus tradiciones nativas y su identidad indígena; por otra parte, también ven necesario adaptarse a los cambios y costumbres de la sociedad moderna occidental, consiguiendo así una especie de conciliación entre ambas culturas que les permite asegurar su perpetuidad cultural y existencial a través del teatro nativo contemporáneo. Palabras clave: teatro nativo, tradición nativa, cultura indígena, representación, sociedad occidental.Abstract: This essays focuses on Grandma and Grandpa (1984), two theater plays by the Native playwright, Hanay Geiogamah, in order to reflect how indigenous characters often experience a confrontation between Native and white culture that they try to reconcile. On the one hand, it is important for them to preserve their Native traditions and identity; on the other hand, they are also aware of the necessity of adapting themselves to the changes and customs imposed by modern Western society, whilst achieving a union between the two cultures that allows them to ensure their cultural and existential survival through contemporary Native theater. Keywords: Native theater, Native culture, indigenous culture, performance, Western society.

Mondialisation de la littérature et littérature mondiale – Traduction d’une culture « mineure » vers une culture « centrale »

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Jeong-yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Korean Literature ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Two Cultures ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
History Of

Abstract The present article attempts to analyze the particularities of the practice of literary translation from a language of peripheral culture to a language of central culture, based on the case of Korean literature. Because of the inequality that governs the relations between the two cultures involved, the transfer from one to the other raises extratextual problems. After briefly tracing the history of the translation of Korean literary works into widely spoken languages, especially in the French-speaking communities, this paper deals with the specific characteristics and modalities of this activity, as well as with their influence on the translations itself, focusing on the choice of works to be translated, the distinctive features of their translators, the translation processes they implement and the socio-cultural context in which the translation is done.

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