Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pinus. IV. Leaf oil composition and geographic variation in jack pine of eastern North America

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2762-2769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Lapp ◽  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Euclidean Distances ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Individual Trees

Leaf terpenes of 420 jack pines from 43 sites (Petawawa provenances) in eastern North America were analyzed by gas–liquid chromatography (GLC). In most trees the major components were α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, car-3-ene, limonene, β-phellandrene, and bornyl acetate. Eighteen other monoterpenes were identified and 13 sesquiterpenes were characterized by their spectral properties and GLC retention times. These data were analyzed by centroid cluster analysis of the mean-squared Euclidean distances, which showed that jack pine is a diverse species of two major terpene types with eight minor types and a few outlying individual trees. With the exception that the minor clusters and outliers tend to occur at the fringes of the jack pine range, there is no obvious geographic pattern to these clusters.

CHEMOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS PICEA (PINACEAE): II. THE LEAF OIL OF PICEA GLAUCA AND P. MARIANA

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Ecological Differences

The leaf oils from white and black spruce obtained from different locations in Western and Eastern Canada, Michigan, and Minnesota, have been analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Both species were found to have a remarkably consistent and distinctive distribution pattern of the leaf oil terpenes. The quantitative variations encountered in samples of the same species from different populations are relatively small and ecological differences are not found to affect the leaf oil composition. Hence, analysis of spruce leaf oils appears to be highly suitable for a study of introgression and hybridization.

Gas-liquid chromatography of terpenes. Part XVI. The volatile oil of the leaves of Juniperus ashei Buchholz

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Juniperus Ashei ◽  
Methylene Groups ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Ashe Juniper ◽  
First Time ◽  
Unique Chemical

The major components of the leaf oil of the Ashe juniper were found to be d-camphor (42.1 %), d-bornyl acetate (22.5%), d-limonene (8.4%), tricyclene (4.8%), d-camphene (4.4%), d-borneol (2.9%), p-cymene (2.8%), d-α-myrcene (1.8%), d-α-pinene (1.7%), and d-camphene hydrate (1.5%). This appears to be the first time that the latter alcohol has been isolated from a natural source. Smaller amounts of linalool, carvone, elemol, and traces of trans-2-methyl-6-methylene-3,7-octadien-2-ol were also identified. Several alcohols having terminal methylene groups were isolated in trace amounts.The monoterpenes found in this oil are not typical for the genus Juniperus and this result offers a unique chemical approach to the study of introgression of the Ashe juniper with other juniper species.

GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF TERPENES: PART X. THE VOLATILE OILS OF THE LEAVES OF SITKA AND ENGELMANN SPRUCE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. VON RUDLOFF
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Percentage Composition ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Aliphatic Esters

The leaf oils from Sitka and Engelmann spruce were obtained in 0.36 and 0.094% yield respectively. The average percentage composition was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. Sitka spruce leaf oil was found to contain mainly d-myrcene (23.5%), l-piperitone (23.2%), and d-camphor (17.2%). Smaller amounts of 1,8-cineole, l-β-phellandrene, p-cymene, two aliphatic esters, d-bornyl acetate, d-borneol, and d-terpinen-4-ol were also isolated and several other esters appeared to be present in small amounts. Engelmann spruce leaf oil was found to contain mainly cis-hex-3-en-1-ol (18.5%), d-camphor (16.0%), d-bornyl acetate (8.6%), d-linalool (5.8%), and two unidentified compounds. Smaller amounts of myrcene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene, piperitone, and several sesquiterpenoids were also recorded. Tricyclene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, 3-carene, limonene, γ-terpinene, and terpinolene were found in small amounts in both oils.Phylogenetic relationships between the different spruces and other conifers are discussed.

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pinus: the leaf oil of Pinus contorta var. latifolia

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pauly ◽  
E. von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Cis And Trans

Gas chromatographic analysis of the volatile oil of the leaf oil of lodgepole pine from the Rocky Mountains showed 1-β-phellandrene (34%) and 1-β-pinene (30.5%) as major components. Lesser amounts of α-pinene (6.5%), myrcene (3%), cis-ocimene (2.5%), 3-carene (1.5%), terpinolene (1%), γ-terpinene (0.3%), α-terpineol (4%), terpinen-4-ol (0.5%), estragole (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%), linalool (0.3%), a mixture of cadinene isomers (5%), cadinol and muurolol isomers (1.5%), nerolidol (0.6%), and tentatively identified camphene, α-phellandrene, limonene, isopulegol, camphene hydrate, citronellol, bisabolol, and cis- and trans-farnesol were recorded. In addition, hex-2-en-1-al (1.5%) and cis-hex-3-en-1-ol (1%) were isolated, but these may be artefacts because the leaves had to be cut to obtain a high yield of oil. The variation in the relative amounts of terpenes in leaves at different heights on a tree was small. Quantitative analysis of 10 samples per population showed a relatively high tree-to-tree variation, but similar mean values for populations in the Bragg Creek – Kananaskis – Eisenhower Junction area of Alberta. Small, but possibly significant differences were recorded for the samples from the Cypress Hills. Populations north of Lake Louise Station to Jasper, Hinton, and Edson were found to contain a few individuals with terpenes characteristic of jack pine. This indicates that the effects of introgression of lodgepole and jack pine can be detected further southwest than previously reported.

Gas–liquid chromatography of terpenes. Part XVIII. The volatile oil of the leaves of Juniperus communis L.

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 2081-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
V. K. Sood
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Hydroxy Ketone ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Citronellyl Acetate ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
The Many ◽  
Trace Constituents ◽  
Common Juniper

The volatile leaf oil of the local common juniper was found to consist mainly of α-pinene (73 to 83%) and smaller amounts (0.5 to 5%) of β-pinene, 3-carene, myrcene, limonene, methyl citronellate, bornyl acetate, myrtenal, myrtenol, myrtenyl acetate, α-terpineol, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, nerolidol, farnesol, and an unusual hydroxy ketone. Of the many trace constituents, β-phellandrene, citronellal, "iso-" citronellal, linalool, geraniol, isopulegol, 4-terpinenol, and ε-cadinene were isolated, whereas camphene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, p-cymene, fenchone, thujone, isothujone and δ-cadinene could only be tentatively identified.There was little variation in the quantitative composition of the leaf oil from one plant to another. Since the composition of this oil differs significantly from that of other juniper leaf oils, chemotaxonomic studies by means of leaf oil analysis are feasible.

Diapause induction in the sawfly Neodiprion rugifrons Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Knerer ◽  
Rosemary Marchant
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Single Generation ◽  
Sensitive Stage ◽  
Two Generations

Neodiprion rugifrons Midd. occurs on jack pine in eastern North America, where it has a single generation per year in Ontario, but two generations in Wisconsin when spring is exceptionally mild and early. Only in this situation will the sensitive last larval instar in June receive the photoperiod of around 17 h that prevents diapause induction and allows the production of another generation, whose sensitive stage is then subjected to a short, diapause-inducing photoregime in September or October.

Chemosystematic studies in the genus Picea (Pinaceae). III. The leaf oil of a Picea glauca × mariana hybrid (Rosendahl spruce)

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. von Rudloff ◽  
M. J. Holst
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Leaf Oil ◽  
Picea Species

The terpene composition of the leaf oils of the Rosendahl spruce, white spruce, and black spruce as isolated from provenances derived from Cromwell, Minnesota, was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. The chemical composition was found to reflect the hybrid origin of the Rosendahl spruce. This confirms that the leaf oil composition of Picea species may serve as a biochemical character in chemo systematic studies.

THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), A NEW PEST ATTACKING APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA, AND ITS COLDHARDINESS

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. MacPhee
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
North America ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Maximum Density ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Operophtera Brumata ◽  
Winter Moth ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selective Chemical

AbstractThe winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), a recent introduction to North America, is a serious pest of apple in Nova Scotia. Natural controls, mainly the parasite Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), reduce its rate of increase, and selective chemical controls are applied to maintain economic levels. Its maximum density is limited by its food supply in neglected orchards. The mean freezing point of O. brumata winter eggs is −31°F. Egg mortality increases appreciably with increase of duration of exposure to low temperatures in the −26°F to −34°F vulnerable range. It seems probable that winter moth will continue to spread slowly over much of Eastern North America.

scholarly journals The Reproductive Biology of the Softshell Clam,Mya arenaria, in Ireland, and the Possible Impacts of Climate Variability

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Cross ◽  
S. Lynch ◽  
A. Whitaker ◽  
R. M. O'Riordan ◽  
S. C. Culloty
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Mya Arenaria ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Fertilisation Success ◽  
Male Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Softshell Clam

Little is known about the biology of the softshell clam in Europe, despite it being identified as a potential species to culture for food in the future. Monthly samples of the softshell clam,Mya arenaria, were collected intertidally from Co. Wexford, Ireland, over a period of sixteen months. The mean weight of sampled individuals was74±4.9 g and mean length was8.2±0.2 cm. Histological examination revealed a female-to-male ratio of 1 : 1.15. In 2010,M. arenariaat this site matured over the summer months, with both sexes either ripe or spawning by August. A single spawning event was recorded in 2010, completed by November. Two unusually cold winters, followed by a warmer-than-average spring, appear to have affectedM. arenariagametogenesis in this area, potentially affecting the time of spawning, fertilisation success, and recruitment of this species. No hermaphrodites were observed in the samples collected, nor were any pathogens observed. Timing of development and spawning is compared with the coasts of eastern North America and with other European coasts.

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