Surface structural analysis of cultured cotyledons of Douglas-fir

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2729-2733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Kirby ◽  
Margaretha E. Schalk
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Callus Proliferation ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium

Cotyledons of Douglas-fir are triangular in cross section and possess two epistomatic surfaces with centrally located stomatal rows (commonly seven). After 1 week in culture on a medium inducing adventitious shoot formation (5 μM N6-benzylaminopurine and 5 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)) or callus proliferation (5 μM NAA) cells of the hypodermal region immediately below the epidermis begin to elongate and divide rupturing the epidermis. Apical domes of adventitiously produced bud primordia emerge from the ruptured epidermis after 14–21 days in culture on shoot induction medium. Emergence of buds takes place preferentially on epistomatic cotyledonary surfaces. The large number of hypodermal cells that respond to shoot induction medium by forming adventitious shoots suggests further investigation of fundamental events associated with morphogenesis in cotyledon cultures of Douglas-fir.

scholarly journals Effects of Colchicine and Oryzalin on Callus and Adventitious Shoot Formation of Euphorbia pulchurrima `Winter Rose'

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1651-1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Pickens ◽  
(Max) Z.-M. Cheng ◽  
Stephen A. Kania
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Mitotic Inhibitors ◽  
In Vitro Induction

The mitotic inhibitors, colchicine and oryzalin, were evaluated for their effects on callus, adventitious shoot formation, and tetraploid induction of Euphorbia pulchurrima `Winter Rose'. In vitro grown leaf sections were placed on various media supplemented with either colchicine or oryzalin at various concentrations for 1 to 4 days. Colchicine was less damaging to leaf tissues than oryzalin. On various colchicine-containing media, prolific calluses were produced and adventitious shoot formation was observed. Regenerated shoots were found to be diploid as determined by flow cytometry. On media supplemented with oryzalin (28.9 μm to 144 μm), leaf tissues produced callus but failed to form adventitious shoots. Samples of calluses produced on oryzalin-containing media were subject to analysis using flow cytometry and were found to be diploid. These results suggest that the colchicine is less toxic on poinsettia tissues and shoot induction than oryzalin. Additional experiments are needed to establish a protocol for in vitro induction of poinsettia tetraploid with colchicine and oryzalin.

scholarly journals In Vitro Adventitious Shoot Formation on Cotyledons of Pinus pinea

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria González ◽  
Manuel Rey ◽  
Raffaela Tavazza ◽  
Stefano La Malfa ◽  
Luigi Cuozzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Pinus Pinea ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Bud Induction

Plant regeneration was obtained from adventitious buds induced in isolated cotyledons of Italian stone pine (Pinus pinea L.). The best results for bud induction were obtained by using half-strength LePoivre medium with 4.5 μM 6-benzyladenine for 30 days. Shoot elongation was achieved in the same medium without growth regulators but with the addition of 0.5% activated charcoal. The induction medium was the best also for shoot multiplication, but it was necessary to include subcultures on elongation medium. The slow elongation rate of adventitious shoots remains the greatest obstacle to multiplication. Root formation (15%) after 5 months was observed when shoots were cultured on elongation medium for long periods.

scholarly journals Effect of Light Conditions on In Vitro Adventitious Organogenesis of Cucumber Cultivars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Fonseca Miguel
Keyword(s):  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
Photoperiod Regime ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium ◽  
Effect Of Light

The response on callus and shoot formation under different light incubation conditions was evaluated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Four-day-old cotyledon explants from the inbred line 'Wisconsin 2843' and the commercial cultivars 'Marketer' and 'Negrito' were employed. A four-week culture was conducted on MS-derived shoot induction medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 IAA and 2.5 mg L-1 BAP, under an 8-h dark/ 16-h light regime, or by a one- or two-week dark pre-incubation followed by the same photoperiod. Significant differences were obtained for the regeneration of shoots in all cultivars. The response in both frequency and number of shoots under continuous photoperiod was at least 3-6 fold higher than with dark pre-incubation. The highest genotypes response was obtained by 'Negrito' and 'Marketer' with identical values. All explants formed callus, and in two of the three cultivars, the response on callus extension was not significantly affected by incubation conditions. The results clearly show that shoot induction under continuous photoperiod regime was beneficial for adventitious shoot regeneration in cucumber.

scholarly journals Shoot Organogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Cotyledons of Diploid, Triploid, and Tetraploid Watermelon

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Compton ◽  
D.J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Organogenesis ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Optimized Protocol ◽  
Apical Half ◽  
Number Of Shoots

Adventitious shoots were obtained from watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsun. & Nakai] cotyledons incubated on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing BA. Initial experiments comparing the effects of BA (0, 5, 10, or 20 μm) and IA4 (0, 0.5, or 5 μm) demonstrated that BA was required for adventitious shoot formation but its concentration in the medium was not critical. The addition of IAA to medium with BA increased callus production and inhibited shoot formation. However, the percentage of responding explants in the best treatment was <30%. Therefore, the manner in which cotyledon explants were prepared and seedling age at the time of explantation was examined to improve the organogenic response. The percentage of explants with shoots was improved by using explants that consisted of cotyledon bases (43%) or cotyledons cut in half longitudinally (39%). A lower percentage (16%) of cotyledons cut longitudinally into four pieces produced shoots. Explants taken from the apical half of cotyledons failed to regenerate shoots. Shoot formation was improved further by using explants from young seedlings. The percentage of explants with shoots was >90% for `Minilee', 64% for S86NE, and 50% for `Jubilee II' when explants were prepared from 5-day-old seedlings. Explants from nongerminated embryos or seedlings germinated for 10, 15, or 20 days produced fewer shoots. The effect of several cytokinins on shoot organogenesis was then examined using the optimized protocol. The percentage of explants with shoots and the number of shoots per explant were about two to four times higher when 5 to 10 μm BA was used compared to the most effective kinetin (20 μm) or thidiazuron (0.1 μm) concentration. The percentage of explants with shoots and the number of shoots per explant were greater for diploid (57% and 2.2, respectively) than for triploid (22% and 0.6, respectively) or tetraploid (20% and 0.8, respectively) lines. Chemical names used: N -(phenylmethyl)-1 H -purin-6-amine (BA); 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin); N -phenyl-N' -1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron); 1 H -indole3-acetic acid (IAA).

scholarly journals Silicon Promotes Adventitious Shoot Regeneration and Enhances Salinity Tolerance ofAjuga multifloraBunge by Altering Activity of Antioxidant Enzyme

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iyyakkannu Sivanesan ◽  
Byoung Ryong Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium

We investigated the effect of Si concentration on shoot regeneration and salinity tolerance ofAjuga multiflora. Addition of Si to the shoot induction medium significantly increased the frequency of shoot induction. The average number of shoots regenerated per explant decreased on the medium containing NaCl alone, while there was less decrease when the shoot induction medium was supplemented with both NaCl and Si. The shoot induction percentage increased linearly with increasing concentration of Si in the NaCl containing medium. Addition of Si to the shoot induction medium significantly increased SOD, POD, APX, and CAT activity in regenerated shoot buds as compared with the control. The inclusion of Si to the NaCl containing medium significantly increased the SOD activity in leaves and roots, while it decreased POD, APX, and CAT activity in both organs. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that there are no distinct differences in the structure of stomata between the control and Si-treated plants. However, NaCl treatment significantly affected the structure and number of stomata as compared to the control. Wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the high Si deposition in trichomes of plants grown in the Si containing medium but not in plants grown in the medium without Si.

In vitro studies of adventitious shoot formation in Pinus contorta

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 870-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Von Arnold ◽  
Tage Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Adventitious Buds ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
Further Development

Isolated embryos of Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud, were induced to form adventitious buds on a cytokinin-supplemented medium. Further development of the buds required transfer to a cytokininless medium. Both bud induction and development were stimulated by a dilution of the basal culture medium and best growth was obtained if the buds were isolated from the original tissue when stem elongation had started. The growth of these isolated adventitious shoots was further stimulated by adding activated charcoal to the diluted medium. A small percentage of the shoots have been rooted. The capacity for bud formation varied among seeds collected from different regions of British Columbia. This method for induction of adventitious buds on embryos was also applicable to explants of young seedlings.

scholarly journals 882 PB 276 IN VITRO PROPAGATION AND CHIMERAL TRAITS OF Cryptanthus `Marian Oppenheimer' (WIDE LEAF CLONE)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 560c-560
Author(s):  
Yong Cheong Koh ◽  
Fred T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Periclinal Chimera ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
L1 And L2

The leaves of vegetative stolons of greenhouse grown Cryptanthus `Marian Oppenheimer' (wide leaf clone) were cultured in modified MS media to induce adventitious shoot formation via callus formation. The best callus induction medium was basal MS medium with 10 μM NAA, IBA and BA. Pure green (843), maroon (3), striped (2) and albino plantlets were obtained. Most of the albino plantlets were stunted, tightly clumped together and impossible to score. The medium which produced the highest average number of non-albino plantlets was basal MS medium with 0.3 μM NAA, IBA and BA All non-albino plantlets were rooted in MS medium with 5.4 μM NAA and transplanted ex vitro with a survival rate of 96.7%. The maroon plantlets became green two weeks after transplanting. Histological studies revealed that C. `Marian Oppenheimer' (wide leaf clone) has two tunicas (L1 and L2) and a corpus (L3). Callus on the leaf explant arose mainly from the L2 and L3. Apparently C. `Marian Oppenheimer' (wide leaf clone) is a GWG periclinal chimera.

scholarly journals 883 PB 279 REGENERATING ADVENTITIOUS PLANTS FROM IN VITRO CULTURE OF LIATRIS SPICATA (L.) WILLD. COTYLEDONS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 560d-560
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Stimart ◽  
John C. Mather
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Murashige Skoog ◽  
Micropropagated Plants

Cotyledons from developing embryos 6 to 8 weeks old of Liatris spicata (blazing star) were cultured on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing 0, 0.4, 4.4, and 44.4 μ M benzyladenine (BA) or 0, 0.2, 2.2, and 22.2 μ M thidiazuron (TDZ) to induce adventitious shoot formation. The highest percent of cotyledons forming shoots with highest shoot counts was on medium containing 2.2 μ M TDZ. Vitreous shoots formed on medium with 22.2 μ M TDZ. Callus derived from cotyledons and cultured on medium containing 4.44 μ M BA or 2.2 μ M TDZ formed adventitious shoots with highest shoot counts on 4.44 μ M BA. Adventitious shoots derived from cotyledons and callus were rooted on MS medium with 5.0 μ Mindole-3-butyric acid, acclimatized and grown ex vitro. All micropropagated plants appeared similar to each other.

scholarly journals Regenerating Adventitious Shoots from in Vitro Culture of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. Cotyledons

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Stimart ◽  
John C. Mather
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Adventitious Shoots ◽  
Adventitious Shoot ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Adventitious Shoot Formation ◽  
Regenerated Plants ◽  
Murashige And Skoog Medium ◽  
Homogeneous Chemical

Cotyledons from developing 6- to 8-week-old embryos of Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. (blazing star) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0, 0.4, 4.4, or 44.4 μm BA or 0, 0.2, 2.2, or 22.2 μm TDZ to induce adventitious shoot formation. The highest percentage of cotyledons forming the most shoots was on medium containing 2.2 μm TDZ. Cotyledon-derived callus cultured on medium containing 4.4 μm BA formed ≈16 times more adventitious shoots than on 2.2 μm TDZ. Adventitious shoots derived from cotyledons or callus produced roots when placed on MS medium containing 5.0 μm IBA. Regenerated plants that flowered in the field appeared homogeneous. Chemical names used: N6-benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron (TDZ), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

scholarly journals Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Three Elite Hybrid Aspens

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 535B-535
Author(s):  
M.J. Bosela ◽  
J.P. Schnurr ◽  
Z.-M. Cheng ◽  
W.A. Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Histochemical Staining ◽  
Kanamycin Resistance ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Transformation Experiment ◽  
Shoot Induction Medium ◽  
Hybrid Clones

Three elite hybrid aspen, Populus grandidentata × P. canescens, P. tremuloides × P. tremula, and P. tremuloides × P. davidiana, have been transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains LBA4404 and EHA105 carrying kanamycin resistance and GUS genes. The leaves of micropropagated shoots were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium for 65 to 72 hr and then transferred to callus-induction medium with 80–120 mg/L kanamycin in the dark. After 2 weeks, the leaves were transferred to shoot-induction medium under 18-hr photoperiod. Regenerated shoots were verified for transformation by histochemical staining and PCR. Transformed shoots rooted and were transplanted to soil. The three hybrid clones differed widely in their medium requirements for regeneration and in their competence for transformation. The leaves of P. grandidentata × P. canescens callused vigorously on a wide variety of media. In a typical transformation experiment, 30% to 60% of infected leaves produced putatively transformed calli (up to 10 calli per leaf). The origin of these calli and the frequency of shoot formation depended on the Agrobacterium strains. The calli from EHA105-infected leaves produced shoots within six weeks of co-cultivation and at high frequencies (70% to 90%). However, the calli from LBA4404-infected leaves produced shoots more slowly and at much lower frequencies (5% to 10%). Delaying selection for 2 weeks was found to lower the transformation frequency. Putatively transformed calli were obtained from P. tremuloides × P. tremula, and P. tremuloides × P. davidiana hybrids at frequencies of only 2% to 3%. The calli regenerated from P. tremuloides × P. davidiana leaves were very small, but they continued to grow upon being transferred to shoot-induction media and have started to produce shoots. The calli from leaves of P. tremuloides × P. tremula were much larger and they produced shoots more quickly. This transformation protocol is currently being used to introduce rooting genes into these hybrids to improve their rooting from hardwood cuttings.

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