Chemical characteristics of the foliage of some deciduous trees in southeastern Ontario

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2037-2045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Ricklefs ◽  
Kathryn K. Matthew
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Leaf Toughness ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

We collected foliage from 34 species of broad-leaved, deciduous trees in southern Ontario and determined an index of leaf toughness, weight per unit area, percent water, and percent of dry weight as available carbohydrate, crude fibre, hemicellulose, holocellulose, lignin, polyphenols, nitrogen, phosphorus, ash, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. We analyzed variation in these constituents within samples, among three sampling periods during one growing season, and among species.

scholarly journals Influence of Fertilization and Mycorrhizae on the Nutritional Status of Rhododendron (Rhododendron hybridum) in a Nursery

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Jarosz ◽  
Zenia Michałojć ◽  
Karolina Pitura ◽  
Katarzyna Dzida ◽  
Michał Koter
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Background: This study of the large-flowered azalea cv. ‘Anneke’ investigated the impact of two factors, i.e., methods of fertilization and mycorrhization, on the nutritional status of plants during three years of nursery cultivation. Methods: Single mineral fertilizers, a slow-release fertilizer Hortiform pH (SRF), and fertigation in combination with mycorrhization of plants, were applied. Plant roots were inoculated with fungi from the genera Oidiodendron and Hymenoscyphus sp. The nutritional status of the large-flowered azalea in the first three years of cultivation was assessed based on macroelements. Results: The analyses revealed significantly higher content of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the leaves of plants inoculated with fungal mycelium. A beneficial effect of plant mycorrhization on plant nutritional status, i.e., higher levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, was noted in the second and third years of azalea cultivation. Conclusions: Significant amounts of the nutrients were utilized in the middle of the growing season and almost fully utilized after the season. Hence, the necessity to supplement nutrients in each subsequent year of plant vegetation was postulated. Fertigation was shown to require further improvement of the nutrient solution.

A Study of Nutrients from Sludge Applied to Land

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-216
Author(s):  
T. E. Aldridge
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Total Phosphate ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Abstract As part of experiments relating to the application of liquid digested sludge to cropland, four small plots bearing couch grass (Agropyrons repens) were treated at four rates ranging from 7.5 ins. to 0.9 in. in seven weeks. The nitrogen phosphorus and carbon content of each inch of the sludge was equivalent to: total nitrogen, 210 lb./ac.; ammonia nitrogen, 140 lb./ac.; total phosphate, 235 lb./ac; easily soluble phosphate, 45 lb./ac; total carbon, 1,800 lb./ac. Soil samples from the 0–3 in. level and from the 10–12 in. level of the uppermost soil horizon were analyzed for changes in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter. Also growth and crop yield in terms of dry weight were determined at the various rates. By the end of eight weeks at the highest rate, the increases in nutrients in the top 3 inches were: ammonia nitrogen, 105 mg./Kgm; nitrate nitrogen, 50 mg./Kgm.;total phosphate, 1,450 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 50 mg./Kgm; organic carbon, 1.7%. The corresponding increases at the lowest rate were: ammonia nitrogen, 15 mg./Kgm.; nitrate nitrogen, 4.5 mg./Kgm.; total phosphate, 325 mg./Kgm.; easily soluble phosphate, 0; total carbon 0.1%. At the higher rates the nutrients were well in excess of requirements for a growing season and the excess was liable to leaching and transport in surface runoff. At the lower rates there appeared to be a fair balance between nutrients supplied and nutrients that would be taken up by the grass over a full growing season.

Nutrient status of apple trees in two productive orchards in Tasmania

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (116) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Graley
Keyword(s):  
Relative Stability ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Different Soils

The nutrient status of apple trees was assessed in two productive orchards on different soils in southern Tasmania. The concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in leaf samples was determined over three growing seasons, once in the first year and at three-weekly intervals in the second and third years. Comparisons were made with overseas standards of sufficiency in the elements, and relations were sought with apple yields and tree growths. For most of the elements there was a period of relative stability in concentration towards the latter half of the growing season (late January-early February). The representative concentration of all elements, estimated during this period, declined only slightly in the successive years but remained at sufficient levels, even though growth of the trees and apple yields increased greatly. A moderately high concentration of potassium in the leaves of a number of trees appeared to be associated with a depressed yield of the apples, apparently because it lowered the concentration of magnesium in the leaves.

Variation in the nutrient content of leaves and fruit with season and crown position for two apple varieties

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Haynes ◽  
KM Goh
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Crown Position ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Leaves and fruit of Golden Delicious and Granny Smith apple trees, pruned by the Hawkes Bay tree-training method, were sampled at 2-weekly intervals from bloom time to leaf fall from the bulk of the top, middle and bottom thirds of the tree crown. Levels of calcium and magnesium per unit leaf area showed a general increase as the leaves aged, while nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents stayed relatively constant. With decreasing height in the crown, tree leaves had a markedly lower dry weight per unit area and lower contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorophyll and soluble carbohydrates per unit area, but the area per leaf was not significantly affected. The trends were more pronounced in the upright, bush-like Golden Delicious than in the spindly, open-centred Granny Smith trees. On a dry weight basis, differences in leaf nutrient content with crown height were not consistent or clear-cut, and therefore unlikely to affect leaf sampling for diagnostic purposes. The dry weight per fruit and the amounts of all nutrients per fruit increased throughout the season. With decreasing crown position, there was a decrease in fruit size, dry matter content and soluble carbohydrate concentration and an increase in green coloration, total nitrogen and free a-amino nitrogen concentration. The increased size of fruit from the upper crown position resulted in greater amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium per fruit in Golden Delicious but not in Granny Smith. Thus the self-shading nature of the Hawkes Bay training method may be detrimental to the production of large, highly coloured fruit. The largest dry weight and nutrient accumulation of both leaves and fruit was in the middle crown position of the trees followed by the lower and then the upper regions. The quantities of nutrients removed in the fruit crop at harvest time, as calculated from 2 years' data, were (kg ha-1 year-1): Golden Delicious: nitrogen, 23; phosphorus, 4; potassium, 120; calcium, 5; magnesium, 4; for Granny Smith: nitrogen, 13; phosphorus, 3; potassium, 57; calcium, 3; magnesium, 2. The quantities of nutrients returned to the orchard floor at leaf fall were (kg ha-1 year-1): Golden Delicious: nitrogen, 35; phosphorus, 3; potassium, 26; calcium, 45; magnesium, 7; Granny Smith: nitrogen, 35; phosphorus, 2; potassium, 25; calcium, 34; magnesium, 6.

Growing-season rainfall, ear number and the water-limited potential yield of wheat in south-western Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Narelle Simpson ◽  
Michael L. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Ear Number

Knowledge of the contribution of ear number per unit area, grains per ear, and kernel weight to grain yield is important in understanding the limits to the water-limited potential yield of wheat in rain-fed agricultural regions. This paper analyses the relationships between grain yield, yield components and growing-season rainfall using data from the low-, medium-, and high-rainfall zones of the cropping region of south-western Australia. The aim of the paper is to quantify the contribution of ear number, grains per ear and kernel weight to grain yield and define the yield components of wheat required to achieve its water-limited yield. The grain yield of wheat was closely related to the number of grains per unit area (r2 = 0.90) and ears/m2 (r2 = 0.75), but poorly correlated with kernel weight (r2 = 0.30) and grains/ear (r2 = 0.09). The number of grains per unit area was highly related (r2 = 0.75) to the number of ears per unit area across the rainfall zones of the cropping region, and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.88–0.94) to the spike dry weight at anthesis. The highest yields achieved in the field were close to the water-limited potential estimated using the French and Schultz method. To achieve this water-limited potential, wheat requires 1 ear per m2 for every mm of growing-season rainfall (r2 = 0.92). We conclude that the number of ears per unit area is the most important factor required in order to achieve high yields of up to a yield of 6 t/ha in wheat in rain-fed south-western Australia.

Improvement of separate elements of the techno-logy of cultivation of white cabbage in the conditions of the of the central region of the non-chernozem zone

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Konstantinovich ◽  
◽  
A.S. Kuracheva ◽  
E.D. Binkevich
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
White Cabbage ◽  
Sowing Seed

In conditions of climate change, when temperature and precipitation fluctuations occur more and more frequently during the growing season, it is necessary to obtain high quality seedlings with "immunity" to various stress factors, including high weediness, the damage from which is associated with a decrease in yield (by 25 -35%) and with a deterioration in the quality of agricultural products. Due to the imbalance in production technology, seedlings are often weakened, overgrown, with a low yield per unit area and survival rate in the field. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of PP for pre-sowing seed treatment to increase the competitiveness of seedlings in the field.

scholarly journals Functional ecology of the biological soil crust in semiarid SE Spain: sun and shade populations of Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch.

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana PINTADO ◽  
Leopoldo G. SANCHO ◽  
T. G. Allan GREEN ◽  
José Manuel BLANQUER ◽  
Roberto LÁZARO
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Biological Soil Crust ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Soil Crust ◽  
Active Time ◽  
Exposed Population

The Tabernas badlands in semiarid south-east Spain is one of the driest regions in Europe with a mean annual precipitation of c. 240 mm. The landscape is deeply dissected, with canyons, ramblas and sparsely vegetated eroded badland slopes. The vegetation is predominantly a biological soil crust consisting of different types of lichen-rich communities, one of the more conspicuous being dominated by Diploschistes diacapsis (Ach.) Lumbsch. This lichen is mainly restricted to the north- facing slopes, where it forms extensive whitish carpets and probably plays an important role in preventing erosion of the slopes and allowing plant colonization. South-facing slopes are much more eroded and generally lack vegetation. %The photosynthetic performance of north (shade) and south-facing (sun) populations of D. diacapsis was studied to determine if these different populations showed any adaptations to the microclimatic conditions of their individual habitats. The response of CO2 exchange to light intensity, temperature and water content was measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Dry weight-based net photosynthetic rates were higher in the southern-exposed population but quantum efficiency, and light compensation points were similar. Thallus weight per unit area (LMA) was considerably higher for shade specimens but maximum water content and optimal water content were very similar and chlorophyll content on a dry weight basis was also similar. Chlorophyll content on an area basis was higher in the northern-exposed population and always much larger than those reported in other studies on the same species (up to 8 times larger) with the result that NP values on a chlorophyll basis were relatively low. The larger LMA meant that shade thalli stored more water per unit area which should ensure longer active periods than sun thalli. The results support a strategy pair of high NP and short active time versus low NP and long active time, both having been reported for other soil crust species. However, the visibly larger biomass of the shade D. diacapsis suggests that the lichen is at the limit of its adaptability in these habitats.

scholarly journals Nutrient losses by water erosion

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Eloy Lemos Mello ◽  
Jean Cláudio Guadagnin ◽  
Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli ◽  
Marcos Roberto Carrafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.

scholarly journals Rust and leaf spot diseases on American elderberry plants

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kaley Hensel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
High Level

Elderberry rust (Puccinia sambuci Schewin.) Arthur (=P. bolleyana) and leaf spot diseases are frequently found in commercial American elderberry (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis L.) plantings throughout the growing season in Missouri. Thus, studies were conducted to ascertain if rust infections affect plant growth, fruiting, or berry puree quality. Rust symptoms were observed in early April at 9 to 18[degrees] C, [greater than or equal to] 3 h leaf wetness, and [greater than or equal to] 85% relative humidity. When young, potted elderberry plants averaged 3 to 6 rust pustules/plant, vegetative growth was not adversely affected. However, field-grown elderberry plants heavily infected with rust (137 pustules/cane) lost nearly twice as many leaves as controls during the growing season, indicating rust-induced defoliation. Shoot dry weight of these heavily infected canes was also 32% less than that of controls. First and last harvest dates were advanced by the high level of rust infection on 'Wyldewood' elderberry canes, but not by low pustules numbers ([less than] 6 pustules/plant) on 'Bob Gordon' or 'Ozark' plants. Similarly, berry yields were not significantly different at low infection levels, even though rust-infected 'Bob Gordon' plants had a 31% reduction in yield with an estimated $440/ha loss of income. Heavily-infected 'Wyldewood' canes had a significant loss in berry yield (47%) and potential income ($2,295/ha), assuming a conservative estimate of five canes/plan. In another study, Colletotrichum was isolated from elderberry leaf spot lesions and identified before subsequent re-inoculation of elderberry plants with this pathogen. Three species of Colletotrichum (C. salicis Funkel, C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro Wollenw., and C. aenigma C.M. Tian and Z. Li) were putatively identified as being casual agents of leaf spot indicating the diversity of species within this genus on elderberry plants.

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