Dinitrogen fixation in pea beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as affected by growth stage and temperature regime

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1181-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rennie ◽  
G. A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Reducing Activity ◽  
Lower Temperature

Tolerance of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to low temperatures is essential for growth under Canadian growing conditions. At air temperatures typical of a southern Alberta growing season (10–23 °C), 'Aurora' fixed 433 mg N per plant, more than 'Sanilac' and 'Comtesse,' which averaged 307 mg N per plant, and 'Kentwood,' which fixed the least: 214 mg N per plant. At a higher temperature regime (15–23 °C), typical of a southern Ontario growing season, 'Aurora' again fixed the most N2 (456 mg N per plant), while the other three cultivars fixed an average of 370 mg N per plant. The amount of N2 fixed increased as the time to reach maximum acetylene (C2H2) reducing activity lengthened. This suggested that it may be advantageous to select beans that have a longer vegetative stage to prolong the time of active N2 fixation within the limits of acceptable season length to ensure maturity. 'Aurora' was not affected by the lower temperature regime, and although these temperatures delayed the initiation of N2 fixation by 21 days, 'Aurora' compensated by producing 26% greater nodule dry weight and 40% higher maximum C2H2-reducing activity than that observed at the higher temperature regime. Growth and N2 fixation of the other three cultivars were adversely affected by the lower temperature regime, not because of lower nodule numbers or mass but because of lower nodule activity. The good root growth of 'Aurora' at low temperatures may explain its superiority for N2 fixation at lower temperatures. C2H2 reduction and nodule dry weight were acceptable indicators of N2 fixation only during early plant growth when all nodules were new and uniformly active. The ideal time to select the bean cultivars for N2-fixing ability was just before the peak of maximum C2H2-reducing activity and corresponded to the stage from buds-near-breaking to anthesis for both temperature regimes. Molar ratios of C2H2 reduced to N2 fixed suggested that the relative efficiency of N2 fixation varied with temperature and growth stage but not with bean cultivar.

Temperature Influences on Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism of Alachlor in Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Rice ◽  
A. R. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Labeled Compounds ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

The uptake, translocation, and metabolism of14C-alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] by germinating and emerged snap bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) seedlings were monitored under 16-h daylength (21 klux) comparing 16 C night/21 C Day and 27 C night/32 C day temperature regimes. Total uptake of14C-alachlor by germinating snap beans was greater under the higher temperature, however, the compound was localized primarily in the roots where it was rapidly metabolized. At the lower temperature, the label was located in approximately equal amounts in all plant parts except cotyledons and significantly less of the alachlor was metabolized. Root uptake of14C-alachlor and translocation of labeled compounds to the shoots were significantly greater under the higher temperatures. Approximately 60% of14C-alachlor was shown to volatilize from a watchglass after 48 h at 27 C. After volatilization, uptake of14C-alachlor occurred in adjacent snap bean plants in a closed system.

Production of Bareroot Roses Using Underground Drip Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 474a-474
Author(s):  
U.K. Schuch ◽  
J. Karlik ◽  
J.O. Becker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kern County ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
The Rose

The majority of rose producers in Kern County, Calif., use furrow irrigation to produce ≈50% of the rose plants in the United States. Two experiments were conducted to test the feasibility of producing bareroot roses using underground drip irrigation. Three rose (Rosa hybrida) cultivars, `Dr. Huey', `Manetti', and `Pink Simplicity', were used in both experiments. In the first experiment, drip tape was placed at a depth of 10, 20, 30, or 40 cm. After one growing season, plants irrigated with drip tape at 10-cm depth produced less shoot and total dry weight than plants irrigated with tape placed between 20 and 40 cm. `Manetti' was the most vigorous cultivar and produced ≈70% more shoot and total dry weight than the other two cultivars. In the second experiment, the plants of the three cultivars were spaced 15, 20, or 25 cm apart within the row and irrigated with drip tape placed at 20-cm depth. Total dry weight increased linearly with increased spacing of plants within the row. `Manetti' and `Pink Simplicity' produced higher shoot and total dry weight than `Dr. Huey' plants.

Feeding energetics and angling catches of spangled perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor (Günther 1859), (Percoidei : Teraponidae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 569 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Gehrke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Reduce Food Intake ◽  
Daily Ration ◽  
Lower Temperature

Spangled perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor, in aquaria reduced their daily ration as water temperature decreased. Fish held at a mean temperature of 16.8�C did not grow significantly over a period of 180 days, whereas individuals maintained near 22.6�C showed a weight increase of 32.8% over the same period. Both groups of fish metabolized approximately 38% of their energy intake, excreted 57% and allocated 5% for growth. Fish adapted to the lower temperature regime consumed 10.81 kJ day-1 compared with a predicted value of 2.08 kJ day-1 for fish adapted to warmer temperatures and exposed to 16.8�C. Spangled perch appear to repartition energy resources at some point below 16�C to make up for a shortfall in energy intake caused by reduced ration. Fish in their natural environment may also reduce food intake at low temperatures, as spangled perch caught by angling in winter had less food in their stomachs (0.31% body weight) than fish caught in other seasons (4.87% in spring to 3.13% in autumn). Catch rate in winter (< 1 fish per angler hour) was also lower than that in other seasons (> 5 fish per angler hour).

Two Phases of Ageing in Drosophila Subobscura

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-684
Author(s):  
JEAN M. CLARKE ◽  
J. MAYNARD SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Individual

1. Male and female D. subobscura were kept for varying periods at low temperatures 3-20° C.) and then transferred to a higher temperature (26-30° C.) and kept there until they died. 2. It was found that during the early part of the life span, over the range 15-30° C., every day spent at a low temperature reduced the expectation of life at a higher temperature by approximately 1 day. Later, when the expectation of life at the higher temperature had fallen to about half its initial value, little further change in this expectation occurred with increasing age at a lower temperature. 3. It is concluded that the life span can be divided into two phases, (i) an irreversible ‘ageing’ process whose rate is approximately independent of temperature from 15 to 30° C., but which is slower at 3° C., and (ii) a ‘dying’ process which is initiated when ageing has proceeded to a stage at which the individual is no longer capable of maintaining a steady state at the temperature at which it is living, although the same individual would be capable of maintaining a steady state at some lower temperature. 4. The rate of the dying process is highly dependent on temperature, and it can be reversed in flies transferred to lower temperatures.

Dinitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris at low temperatures: interaction of temperature, growth stage, and time of inoculation

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1423-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rennie ◽  
G. A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Plant Growth Stages

Nodulation and N2 fixation have not been reported in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) below a temperature of 13 °C but, in southern Alberta, temperatures at planting may be as low as 10 °C. Two varieties of pea beans, 'Aurora' and 'Kentwood,' were inoculated at three growth stages (seeding, primary leaf horizontal, or first trifoliate leaf open) and grown at 10, 12, 14, or 16 °C. Nodulation and acetylene (C2H2) reduction occurred in both varieties at temperatures as low as 10 °C. At the lower temperatures, cold adaptability of the plant for early root growth determined the ability for nodulation and N2 fixation. At higher temperatures, plant-growth stage was a determining factor. 'Aurora' was superior to 'Kentwood' at 10 °C in nodulation, dry matter (DM), N yield, and N2 fixation because of its tolerance to low temperatures during early root growth. Inoculation with Rhizobium phaseoli at more advanced plant-growth stages decreased the time for nodulation at all four temperatures but resulted in higher yield and more N2 fixation in 'Aurora' only at 14 and 16 °C. At 10 °C, inoculation at seeding was more effective than at the other two growth stages for both varieties. Thus plant growth stages and growth temperature both determined the ability of a bean variety to support N2 fixation at various low temperatures.

Ozone-Herbicide Interactions in Crop Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 508-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Carney ◽  
G. R. Stephenson ◽  
D. P. Ormrod ◽  
G. C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Gold ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Weight Data ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Fireball’), white bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Seaway’), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. ‘Delhi 34’ and ‘White Gold’) were pretreated with herbicides at one of three rates prior to fumigation with ozone at 0, 7.5, 15, or 30 pphm (parts per hundred million) for two 1.5-hr period. The plants were harvested 5 to 7 days after ozone fumigation, dried, and weighed. The natural logarithms of the dry weight data were subjected to multiple regression analysis to test for synergistic or antagonistic interactions between ozone and the various herbicides. Synergistic phytotoxicity was definitely observed for pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate) and possibly for chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) in combination with ozone on tobacco ‘White Gold’ and ‘Delhi 34’, respectively. For most of the other combinations (chloramben, trifluralin α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) or monolinuron (3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) on white bean, diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) or trifluralin on tomato, chloramben on tobacco ‘White Gold’, and pebulate on tobacco ‘Delhi 34’) the phytotoxicity in the presence of ozone was additive and no interaction was indicated. An antagonistic interaction between ozone and benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) was indicated on the two cultivars of tobacco.

scholarly journals Airborne micro-organisms: survival tests with four viruses

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Micro Organisms

Airborne virus particles of vaccinia, influenza, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and poliomyelitis have been tested for viable survival in the dark at controlled temperatures and relative humidity (R.H.) for up to 23 hr. after spraying.Viable survival at each R.H. level was better at lower temperature than at higher temperature. Poliomyelitis virus showed best survival at high R.H.; the other three viruses survived best at low R.H.

scholarly journals Growth of Capillary-Irrigated Andorra Juniper and Sarcoxie Euonymus as Affected by Controlled Release Fertilizer Type and Placement

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Peter R. Hicklenton
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Branch Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Euonymus Fortunei ◽  
Capillary Bed

Abstract Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Plumosa compacata’ and Euonymus fortunei Turcz. ‘Sarcoxie’ were grown on a sand capillary bed with two types of controlled release fertilizer (3:1 Type 100:Type 40 Nutricote 16N-4.4P-8.1K (16-10-10),and Osmocote 18N-2.6P-9.7K (18-6-12) either medium-incorporated, surface-applied or dibbled below the roots. Throughout the growing season, neither leaf area, root or shoot dry weight of euonymus was affected by fertilizer type or placement. Branch length growth and dry weight of juniper was not affected by fertilizer type when fertilizer was surface-applied or medium incorporated. Dibbled Osmocote produced similar results, but dibbled Nutricote resulted in poor root and shoot development in juniper throughout the season. Medium soluble salt concentration (determined on container leachate) was 2800 dS/m in the dibbled Nutricote treatments in June (approximately 2.5 times higher than that in the other treatments). Soluble salts decreased between June 21 and August 16 in all treatments and then remained quite constant until the end of the season (September 13).

scholarly journals PHOTODYNAMIC HEMOLYSIS AT LOW TEMPERATURES

1954 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold F. Blum ◽  
Elizabeth Flagler Kauzmann
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Photosensitized Oxidation ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Dye Molecule

It is shown that photodynamic hemolysis may occur at –79°C. if the erythrocytes are suspended in a solution containing 70 per cent glycerol which prevents hemolysis by freezing; but that there is no hemolysis under the same conditions at –210°C. At the higher temperature the viscosity of the solution is still low enough to permit appreciable movement of molecules, whereas at the lower temperature the molecules must be virtually immobile. The findings are compatible with the idea that the dye molecule acts in a cycle, bringing about successive oxidations by O2 molecules, as has been shown for photodynamic hemolysis at room temperature. The assumption of a combination between dye, O2, and substrate does not explain photosensitized hemolysis in the semi-solid state. The mechanism of photosensitized oxidation by O2 is discussed.

Processes of Reclaiming Rubber and Their Relative Merits

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. B. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Thermal Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Permanent Set ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Lower Temperature

Abstract 1. A more complete reclamation is possible by the thermal and pan process than with the alkali process, and both the former effect a saving in time. 2. The thermal process calls for a higher temperature, but the after-treatment consumes less power for grinding. The pan process makes use of a lower temperature; but the expenditure of more power for grinding before and after treatment, as well as a drying period, are entailed. 3. The new products are neutral, and softer than alkali reclaim. 4. Accelerated with BA, stocks with these new types of reclaim give poor results. On the other hand, MBT offers good prospects, both for aging and acceleration. 5. Whether refined or not, the pan reclaim produced a tensile strength 95 per cent of alkali reclaim, and the thermal reclaim 80 per cent, in MBT stocks. 6. With modified acceleration, thermal reclaim stock can be made to give improved tensile properties. 7. Laboratory abrasion resistance of both new types was superior to the standard, the losses being 92 per cent and 74 per cent for thermal and pan reclaims, respectively. 8. The permanent set was lower despite the softener in the pan reclaim. 9. Despite the lack of refining, articles formed by extrusion from stocks containing thermal and pan reclaims compared favorably with those from alkali reclaim with regard to surface finish. 10. Thermal reclaim ages extremely well. Independent workers in the field of thermal reclaim have been able to exercise a finer control of the process, and a large scale plant is in course of erection as a result of the improvements effected. Further work is proceeding, and it is hoped that a product superior in all respects to alkali reclaim will be obtained.

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