The distribution of fungi in some alpine soils

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (15) ◽  
pp. 1609-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bissett ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Penicillium Canescens ◽  
Alpine Soils ◽  
Penicillium Restrictum ◽  
Temperate Soils ◽  
Total Fungi ◽  
Niche Dimension ◽  
Isolated Species

Comparisons were made of the soil fungi isolated from three diverse alpine sites. The sites studied were a grass slope (Bromus association) at 1900 m, an alpine meadow (Dryas association) at 2530 m, and a summit ridge (Oxytropis association) at 2840 m. The effects of season, soil depth, and substrate type on the distribution of fungi were also examined. In a principal component analysis, most of the variation in mycoflora composition was attributed to differences among the sites. All taxa tested using a factorial analysis of variance showed significant differences in isolation frequency among the three sites. About half showed significant variation with season. For total fungi, the effect of seasonal change was the smallest of the four factors studied. Seasonal changes were not unidirectional, instead the composition of the fungal community shifted to one extreme in summer, with the direction of this change later reversing to another extreme in the fall opposite to that of the summer. The frequency of occurrence of most taxa was inversely related to soil depth. However, Chrysosporium pannormn, Penicillium restrictum. Penicillium canescens, and sterile fungi showed the opposite trend.The fungal communities were characterized by a few frequently isolated species, and a much larger proportion of infrequently isolated forms. All the dominant species were also widely distributed in temperate soils. The less frequently isolated species were usually highly aggregated in their distribution, with localized densities often exceeding those of the most frequently isolated forms. This pattern of distribution may have resulted from specialization on a niche dimension that was not widely distributed in the soils studied. Dominant species were less aggregated and more widely distributed, possibly reflecting a broad or diverse niche space for these species.

scholarly journals Untargeted Metabolomics Approach for the Discovery of Environment-Related Pyran-2-ones Chemodiversity in a Marine-Sourced Penicillium restrictum

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Van-Tuyen Le ◽  
Samuel Bertrand ◽  
Thibaut Robiou du Pont ◽  
Fabrice Fleury ◽  
Nathalie Caroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
High Chemical ◽  
Medium Mass ◽  
Metabolomics Study ◽  
Penicillium Restrictum

Very little is known about chemical interactions between fungi and their mollusc host within marine environments. Here, we investigated the metabolome of a Penicillium restrictum MMS417 strain isolated from the blue mussel Mytilus edulis collected on the Loire estuary, France. Following the OSMAC approach with the use of 14 culture media, the effect of salinity and of a mussel-derived medium on the metabolic expression were analysed using HPLC-UV/DAD-HRMS/MS. An untargeted metabolomics study was performed using principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (O-PLSDA) and molecular networking (MN). It highlighted some compounds belonging to sterols, macrolides and pyran-2-ones, which were specifically induced in marine conditions. In particular, a high chemical diversity of pyran-2-ones was found to be related to the presence of mussel extract in the culture medium. Mass spectrometry (MS)- and UV-guided purification resulted in the isolation of five new natural fungal pyran-2-one derivatives—5,6-dihydro-6S-hydroxymethyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (1), (6S, 1’R, 2’S)-LL-P880β (3), 5,6-dihydro-4-methoxy-6S-(1’S, 2’S-dihydroxy pent-3’(E)-enyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (4), 4-methoxy-6-(1’R, 2’S-dihydroxy pent-3’(E)-enyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (6) and 4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (7)—together with the known (6S, 1’S, 2’S)-LL-P880β (2), (1’R, 2’S)-LL-P880γ (5), 5,6-dihydro-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (8), (6S, 1’S, 2’R)-LL-P880β (9), (6S, 1’S)-pestalotin (10), 1’R-dehydropestalotin (11) and 6-pentyl-4-methoxy-2H-pyran-2-one (12) from the mussel-derived culture medium extract. The structures of 1-12 were determined by 1D- and 2D-MMR experiments as well as high-resolution tandem MS, ECD and DP4 calculations. Some of these compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial, antileishmanial and in-silico PTP1B inhibitory activities. These results illustrate the utility in using host-derived media for the discovery of new natural products.

scholarly journals Selecting soil quality indicators for different soil management systems in the Brazilian Cerrado

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Cristina Stefanoski ◽  
Cícero Célio de Figueiredo ◽  
Glenio Guimarães Santos ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Soil Quality Indicators ◽  
Physical Chemical

Abstract The objective of this work was to assess soil quality indicators obtained with different datasets to compare soil management systems in the Brazilian Cerrado. Three criteria were used to select soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators: the full set of indicators obtained, with 36 parameters, for which all the physical, chemical, and biological soil properties were determined; a subset of indicators selected by principal component analysis (20 parameters); and a subset of indicators with some frequency of use in the literature (16 parameters). These indicators were obtained from the following management systems: no-tillage, conventional tillage, and native cerrado vegetation. Soil samples were collected at 0.0-0.1-m soil depth, and soil quality indicators were subjected to analysis of variance and their means were compared. The incorporation of soil native cerrado into agriculture decreased soil quality. The most commonly used indicators in the scientific literature are sensitive enough to detect differences in soil quality according to land use. Therefore, the selection of a minimum set of representative data can be more useful than a complex set of properties to compare management systems as to their soil quality.

Gyrodactylids (Gyrodactylidae, Monogenea) infecting Oreochromis niloticus niloticus (L.) and O. mossambicus (Peters) (Cichlidae): A pan-global survey

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana García-Vásquez ◽  
Haakon Hansen ◽  
Kevin Christison ◽  
Miquel Rubio-Godoy ◽  
James Bron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractGyrodactylus infections in intensively-reared populations of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, have been associated world-wide with high mortalities of juvenile fish. In this study, 26 populations of Gyrodactylus parasitising either O. n. niloticus or Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, were sampled from fourteen countries and compared with type material of Gyrodactylus cichlidarum Paperna, 1968, Gyrodactylus niloticus (syn. of G. cichlidarum) and Gyrodactylus shariffi Cone, Arthur et Bondad-Reantaso, 1995. Representative specimens from each population were bisected, each half being used for morphological and molecular analyses. Principal component analyses (PCA) identified five distinct clusters: (1) a cluster representing G. cichlidarum collected from O. n. niloticus from 13 countries; (2) the G. shariffi paratype; (3) three specimens with pronounced ventral bar processes collected from two populations of Mexican O. n. niloticus (Gyrodactylus sp. 1); (4) four specimens collected from an Ethiopian population nominally identified as O. n. niloticus (Gyrodactylus sp. 2); (5) nine gyrodactylids from South African O. mossambicus (Gyrodactylus sp. 3). Molecular analyses comparing the sequence of the ribosomal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 and 2) and the 5.8S gene from the non-hook bearing half of worms representative for each population and for each cluster of parasites, confirmed the presence of G. cichlidarum in most samples analysed. Molecular data also confirmed that the DNA sequence of Gyrodactylus sp. 2 and Gyrodactylus sp. 3 (the morphologically-cryptic group of South African specimens from O. mossambicus) differed from that of G. cichlidarum and therefore represent new species; no sequences were obtained from Gyrodactylus sp. 1. The current study demonstrates that G. cichlidarum is the dominant species infecting O. n. niloticus, being found in 13 of the 15 countries sampled.

scholarly journals MONITORING SEBARAN VEGETASI MANGROVE YANG DIREHABILITASI DI KAWASAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE WONOREJO SURABAYA

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmalasari Idha Wijaya ◽  
Muhammad Huda
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Avicennia Alba

ABSTRAKKawasan pesisir Wonorejo merupakan kawasan mangrove yang direhabilitasi menjadi kawasan ekowisata. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola pembentukan zonasi vegetasi pada ekosistem mangrove yang telah direhabilitasi. Lokasi pengamatan berada pada 3 stasiun, yaitu Stasiun 1 terletak pada batas atas zona supratidal, Stasiun 2 di pertengahan zona intertidal, dan Stasiun 3 pada zona subtidal. Struktur vegetasi mangrove dianalisis berdasarkan Kerapatan Jenis (K), Dominansi (D), dan Indeks Nilai Penting (INP); sedangkan sebaran vegetasi mangrove berdasarkan karakteristik lingkungan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (Principal Component Analysis, PCA). Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa jenis yang dominan pada Stasiun 1 adalah Nypa fruticans (84,2%), sedangkan pada Stasiun 2 jenis yang dominan adalah Excoecaria agallocha (40,9%), dan di Stasiun 3 adalah Avicennia alba (83,4%). Tingkat kerusakan vegetasi mangrove di Wonorejo dikategorikan sedang, dengan kerapatan pohon antara ≥ 1000 – < 1500 per hektar. Indeks keanekaragaman pada semua stasiun juga tergolong rendah karena bernilai kurang dari 1,5. Ekosistem ini mulai menunjukkan adanya suksesi ekosistem, terbukti dengan mulai adanya jenis-jenis mangrove lain yang tidak ditanam dengan sengaja. Hasil analisis PCA menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif antara parameter jenis vegetasi dengan tinggi rendaman pasut, salinitas, dan pH, yang berkontribusi membentuk sumbu F2 positif. Artinya ketiga parameter tersebut merupakan faktor utama yang menentukan apakah ekosistem tersebut sesuai untuk pertumbuhan jenis mangrove tertentu. ABSTRACTThe coastal area of Wonorejo is the mangrove area rehabilitated to become an ecotourism area. The research aims to analyze the patterns of formation of mangrove vegetation zoning that have been rehabilitated. The observation locations are at 3 stations, i.e. station 1 is located at the upper limit of supratidal zone, station 2 is in the middle of intertidal zone, and station 3 is in the subtidal zone. The structure of the mangrove vegetation were analyzed based on the species density (K), dominance (D), and important value index (IVI); while the distribution of mangrove vegetation based on environmental characteristics was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the dominant species at Station 1 was Nypa fruticans (84.2%), whereas in Station 2 the dominant species was Excoecaria agallocha (40.9%), and at Station 3 was Avicennia alba (83.4%) The level of damage to mangrove vegetation in Wonorejo is categorized as medium, with tree densities between ≥ 1000 - <1500 per hectare. Diversity index at all stations is also relatively low because it is worth less than 1.5. This ecosystem begins to show the existence of an ecosystem succession, as evidenced by the start of other species of mangroves that are not planted intentionally. The results of PCA analysis showed a positive correlation between the parameters of vegetation types with high tide baths, salinity, and pH, which contributed to forming a positive F2 axis. This means that the three parameters are the main factors that determine whether the ecosystem is suitable for the growth of certain species of mangroves.

scholarly journals Responses of Soil Microbial Communities to Robinia Pseudoacacia Plantations of Different Ages in A Loess Area

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingxue Zhang ◽  
Rumeng Zhao ◽  
Boyuan Bi ◽  
Fengpeng Han
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Loess Area ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
The Individual

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) can be used as biomarkers for qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil microbial community diversity. In this study, we collected soil samples at 10-cm intervals to a depth of 1 m from Robinia pseudoacacia plantations of four different ages (10, 15, 25 and 40 years) in a loess area and analysed the soil microbial community structure by PLFA analysis. A total of 97 PLFAs were detected in soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations of different ages. The individual PLFA contents gradually decreased in the 0- to 40-cm soil layers, with little variation in the 40- to 100-cm soil layers. The individual PLFAs were similarly distributed in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations of different ages, and there was a clear variation with stand age and soil depth. The individual PLFA contents in the 0- to 20-cm soil layers were highest for the 25-year-old plantation, while those in the 20- to 40-cm soil layers were relatively high for the 25- and 40-year-old plantations; the 16:0 content was the highest among individual PLFAs. The total PLFA content and the PLFA contents of different microbial groups [bacteria, fungi, Gram-positive bacteria (G+), Gram-negative bacteria (G-) and actinomycetes] initially increased before decreasing in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations with increasing stand age, whereas these contents gradually decreased with increasing soil depth; the highest PLFA contents was found in the 25-year-old plantation. The total PLFA content and the contents of fungal, G- and actinomycete PLFAs in the soils of R. pseudoacacia plantations differed significantly among stands of different ages in the 0- to 10-cm, 10- to 20-cm and 30- to 40-cm soil layers, while no significant differences were found in the 20- to 30-cm soil layers; the G+ and bacterial PLFAs contents in each of the 0- to 40-cm soil layers were significantly different. The PLFA ratios between different microbial groups differed among the stands of different ages. The fungi/bacteria ratio showed a &ldquo;decrease-increase-decrease&rdquo; trend with stand age, while the G+/G- ratio showed an &ldquo;increase-decrease&rdquo; trend. The saturated/monounsaturated PLFA ratio initially decreased before plateauing, while the opposite trend was observed for the cyclopropyl/precursor ratio. The PLFA contents of different microbial groups were ranked as follows: bacteria &gt; G- &gt; G+ &gt; actinomycetes &gt; fungi. In the principle component analysis, 18:1&omega;9c, 10Me18:0, i17:0, a17:0, 18:1&omega;7c, 18:1&omega;5c and 18:0 made the greatest contribution to principal component 1, and a14:0, i14:0 3OH, i14:0, i14:1&omega;7c and 14:0 made the greatest contribution to principal component 2. In conclusion, soil nutrient status and other soil eco-environmental stress factors should be considered in 10- to 25-year-old (particularly ~15-year-old) plots for the management of R. pseudoacacia plantations to prevent forest soil degradation and improve forest stand quality, thereby achieving better soil and water conservation and environmental improvement in R. pseudoacacia plantations.

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna as bioindicator of the recovery of degraded Cerrado soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Emy Kitamura ◽  
Rose Luiza Moraes Tavares ◽  
Marlene Cristina Alves ◽  
Zigomar Menezes de Souza ◽  
Diego Silva Siqueira
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Brachiaria Decumbens ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

ABSTRACT: The construction of the hydroelectric power plant of Ilha Solteira, in state of São Paulo, was initiated in the 1960s, when an average, 8.60 m of soil depth was removed, resulting in a degraded area. A plan for the recovery of the area started in 2005 in Selvíria /MS with the use of plant species adapted to the Cerrado biome. This study aimed to evaluate the soil macrofauna of an area under recovery by using different types of soil cover (1- bare soil (control); 2- native Cerrado vegetation; 3- specie Astronium fraxinifolium; 4- Astronium fraxinifolium + Canavalia ensiformis; 5- Astronium fraxinifolium + Raphanus sativus; 6- Astronium fraxinifolium + Brachiaria decumbens + sewage sludge). Soil macrofauna was evaluated in 2005, 2006 and 2007 using the direct collection method and manual counting. Number of species, diversity and uniformity index were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used for data interpretation. Results showed that treatment 6 (Astronium fraxinifolium+ Brachiaria decumbens+ sewage sludge) increased the soil macrofauna population by approximately 4 to 6 times more than the other types of cover after three years of evaluation. And the PCA and cluster analysis showed the approximation of the data between treatment 6 and Cerrado, which represents the most appropriate treatment for the recovery of the degraded soil.

scholarly journals Evaluation of vineyard growth under four irrigation regimes using vegetation and soil on-the-go sensors

SOIL ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Terrón ◽  
J. Blanco ◽  
F. J. Moral ◽  
L. A. Mancha ◽  
D. Uriarte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

Abstract. Precision agriculture is a useful tool to assess plant growth and development in vineyards. The present study focused on spatial and temporal analysis of vegetation growth variability, in four irrigation treatments with four replicates. The research was carried out in a vineyard located in the southwest of Spain during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Two multispectral sensors mounted on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) were used in the different growing seasons/stages in order to calculate the vineyard normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) was also measured up to 0.8 m soil depth using an on-the-go geophysical sensor. All measured data were analysed by means of principal component analysis (PCA). The spatial and temporal NDVI and ECa variations showed relevant differences between irrigation treatments and climatological conditions.

scholarly journals Eulemur , me lemur: the evolution of scent-signal complexity in a primate clade

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1597) ◽  
pp. 1909-1922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier delBarco-Trillo ◽  
Caitlin R. Sacha ◽  
George R. Dubay ◽  
Christine M. Drea
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
Chemical Complexity ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Signal Complexity ◽  
Signal Utility

Signal complexity has been linked to social complexity in vocal, but not chemical, communication. To address this gap, we examined the chemical complexity of male and female glandular secretions in eight species of Eulemur. In this diverse clade of macrosmatic primates, species differ by social or mating system and dominance structure. We applied principal component and linear discriminate analyses to data obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Beyond the significant effects on chemical signals of gland type, sex, season and species, we found effects of social variables and phylogeny. Notably, female odours were more chemically complex in multimale–multifemale species than pair-bonded species, whereas male odours were more chemically complex in codominant species than female-dominant species. Also, the traditional sexual dimorphism, whereby male signal complexity exceeds that of females, was present in codominant species, but reversed in female-dominant species. Lastly, a positive relationship between the species' pairwise chemical distances and their pairwise phylogenetic distances supported a gradual, but relatively fast mode of signal evolution. We suggest that the comparative method can be a powerful tool in olfactory research, revealing species differences relevant to the understanding of current signal utility and evolutionary processes. In particular, social complexity in lemurs may have selected for olfactory complexity.

An integration of soil parameters characterizing a Danish agricultural soil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Christine Krull Pedersen ◽  
Vibeke Ernstsen ◽  
Henrik Breuning-Madsen ◽  
Per L. Ambus
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
C3 Plants ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
C And N ◽  
Insight Into

&lt;p&gt;The complexity and interplay of soil processes are still investigated extensively. Continuous focus on this field of research is important since soil properties such as nitrate reductive capacity has a great influence on groundwater quality. Here, we try to give insight into the dynamics of a vadose zone soil under agricultural management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A field of study was selected in Darum in Southwestern Jutland, Denmark. The site is situated in an old periglacial terrain on meltwater-deposited sand. The field has been under maize (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt;) monoculture for the past 20 years. Prior to this period it had been kept with C3 plants only. &amp;#160;Soil sampling was accomplished in three replicates of 1.6 m.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The bulk soil samples were analyzed for total C and N, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C and &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; were recovered from cold-water extractions of the soil samples. Extractions were analyzed for their UV-Vis absorption spectra.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Incubation experiments were performed on bulk soil portions in order to assay the activity and isotopic imprint CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; respiration. The soil were also incubated under anoxic conditions with substrate amendments (KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and C additions). The resulting N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O releases were assigned to biologically driven nitrate reduction. Ultimately, principal component analyses (PCA) were carried out on the results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The C and N concentrations were highest in the Ap horizon and decreased with soil depth. The respiratory and nitrate reductive capacity also declined with depth, but were evident in all of the analyzed soil depths. All individual depths responded statistically significant to substrate addition by increase in the N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O production.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The isotopic results showed that the main pool of maize-derived C were also found in the plough layer. However, the respiratory isotopic results evidenced the presence of C4 plant derived C throughout the soil profile, after 20 years of monoculture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The UV-Vis absorption spectra gave insight into the quality of the DOM pools. The parameter E253/E203 is associated with functional groups on aromatic rings and increases with composting time. The soil had an overall increase in this parameter with depth. The integrated magnitude of distinct wavelengths (270-300 nm, 300-380 nm and 380-500 nm) is an index of protein-, fulvic-, and humic like substances. Surprisingly, no substantial discrepancies in the distribution between these pools was found with depth. However, the overall pattern was declining steeply with soil depth, emphasizing the importance of dilution when assessing DOM availability and quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The PCA could explain &gt;55 % of the variance by the first principal component. The PCA showed that the C and N concentrations were positively correlated. Alongside were the ambient N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O activity to the indexes of protein-, fulvic and humic like substances. The inherent NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; concentration, the N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O activity (KNO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; amended) and the respiratory CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; production were also positively correlated &amp;#8211; however negatively correlated with the E253/E203 parameter. &lt;br&gt;Therefore, respiratory and nitrate reductive capacities of the Darum soil, depends notably on the presence of less degraded DOM, on the concentration of protein-, fulvic and humic like substances, and finally on the inherent soil NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; concentration.&lt;/p&gt;

Functional relationships between soil fungi and environment in alpine tundra

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (15) ◽  
pp. 1642-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bissett ◽  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Conflicting Demands ◽  
Grassland Site

Temperature, moisture, available potassium, and soil pH were the most important abiotic variables influencing the distribution and community composition of soil fungi from three diverse alpine habitats. The major differences in species composition occurred among the sites. An ordination contrasting the sites, based on the species composition of the mycoflora, was correlated with a gradient contrasting temperature and moisture with potassium. The observed differences in species composition among the sites were concluded to have resulted from conflicting demands on the species for efficiency and adaptability. Relatively few species were isolated from the more exposed summit ridge site (2840 m). and these were probably genetically diverse species capable of adapting to environmental extremes. Alternatively, dominant species may be specialists adapted to limiting dimensions that are widely distributed in the environment. Dominant species at the drought-prone grassland site (1900 m) appeared adapted to low moisture, and those of the alpine meadow site (2530 m) to low temperature.Seasonal changes in mycoflora composition were related to changes in the moisture and temperature status of the soils, with low temperature limiting in the spring and low moisture in the fall. Chrysosporium pannorum and Penieillium janthinellum were adapted to combined low temperature and moisture. Cylindroearpon didymuin, Glioeladium deliquescens, Fusarium merismoides. Penicillium steckii, and Cylindrocarpon destructans occurred only in soils with a relatively high temperature–moisture status. Changes in mycoflora composition with soil depth were attributed to an environmental gradient combining temperature, moisture, and K without contrasts. Sterile fungi, apparently adapted to the adverse conditions of low temperature. moisture, and K. were dominant in the lower horizons at all three sites. Soil K appeared to be a limiting factor for many species restricted to the surface horizons, including the frequently isolated species Fusarium acuminatum. Penicillium janthinellum. Penicillium simplicissimum. Penicillium steckii. Phoma eupyrena. and Trichoderma liamatum.

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