Resource allocation in young plants of two perennial species of Plantago

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (20) ◽  
pp. 2533-2537 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hawthorn ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Perennial Herbs

Growth patterns and biomass allocation to component plant parts in Plantago major and P. rugelii were compared under greenhouse conditions. Within 3 months of germination individuals of P. major were larger and had devoted more dry weight to seed and production of ramets than those of P. rugelii regardless of the number and kind of neighbours. No significant differences in percent resource allocation to roots, caudex, leaves, and spikes were observed between plants of P. major subjected to increased interference, although the actual biomass and number of leaves and spikes were reduced. Mean reproductive (spike) allocation in P. major was about 21%. Although the root biomass within a treatment was similar for the two species, the percent allocation to roots in P. rugelii was two and one-half times greater. Growth of P. major was depressed more by intraspecific neighbours and of P. rugelii by interspecific neighbours. These perennial herbs exhibit disparate allocation patterns as young plants that suggest adaptations to different temporary environments. Plantago major, with its early and sustained diversion of biomass to seed production, is distinctly adapted to exploitation of frequently disturbed sites, while P. rugelii, because of its more extensive root allocation and delayed seed production, seems better adapted to less frequent disturbance.

Dry weight and resource allocation patterns among individuals in populations of Plantago major and P. rugelii

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 2424-2439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hawthorn ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Allocation Patterns

The frequency distributions of log plant weight in 1st-year plants of Plantago major L. and P. rugelii Decne. were studied in greenhouse experiments, including an investigation of associated differences in allocation patterns to plant parts between individuals in various weight classes. The frequency distributions of log plant weight of both plantains were strongly negatively skewed (many large plants and few small ones) at the lowest sowing density, where little or no mortality occurred during the course of the study. At two higher sowing densities significant mortality was noted and the frequency distributions tended to "log normality" or to a significant platykurtosis. The presence of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) reduced the weight of individual plantains and resulted in frequency distributions that were essentially "log normal." Growing the two plantains together did not alter the shapes of the frequency distributions achieved in monocultures with and without grass. A possible pattern of changes in the frequency distribution of log plant weight with the passage of time is briefly discussed. Significant differences were observed in the allocation patterns of individuals of P. major within a population to roots, caudices, leaves, supporting reproductive structures, and seeds. The allocation patterns were not normally distributed according to plant weight; thus the use of average values of allocation pattern for the population as a whole should be viewed with caution. The proportional allocation to seeds (reproductive effort) by individuals of P. major from increasingly larger weight classes generally increased at an exponential rate, and more rapidly than simultaneous decreases in root and caudex allocation. The greatest reproductive effort and the greatest number of seeds per plant of P. major were associated with the strongest negative skewness of frequency distribution of log plant weight. First-year plants of P. rugelii exhibited a different response. Very few flowered during the study. However, in a variety of treatments the allocation to root and caudex by individuals which differed in biomass by as much as two orders of magnitude was remarkably constant at about 23%. In contrast, the allocation to belowground structures was much more variable among individuals of P. major, ranging from 50% or more by the smallest individuals to less than 5% by the largest plants. This life-history trait could partly account for the greater survival over winter and longevity observed in natural populations of P. rugelii compared with those of P. major.

Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1296-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E Dickson ◽  
Patricia T Tomlinson ◽  
J G Isebrands
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Episodic Growth ◽  
Morphological Index ◽  
Allocation Patterns

Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. 14CO2 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of 14C within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most 14C-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more 14C to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation.

Effect of Shade on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Growth, Seed Production, and Dormancy

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliya A. Bello ◽  
Micheal D. K. Owen ◽  
Harlene M. Hatterman-Valentp
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Number Of Seeds ◽  
Number Of Branches

Growth, seed production, and dormancy of velvetleaf in response to shading were evaluated in the field. Velvetleaf plant height, leaf number, number of branches, and plant dry weight decreased linearly with increasing shade. No differences were observed for plant height, number of leaves, or branches/plant when plants were shaded 30% or not shaded throughout the growing season. However, the 76% shade treatment reduced velvetleaf height (1984 only), leaf number, stem branches, and plant dry weight. These reductions were greater in 1984 than 1985 except for plant dry weight that decreased by 88% each year. The number of capsules and the number of seeds/plant decreased linearly with increasing shade levels, while the seed weight increased with increasing shade level. Shading also decreased seed dormancy. These results demonstrate that shade suppresses velvetleaf growth and seed production, and shortens the dormancy of seeds that are produced by these plants.

scholarly journals RESPON PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI DAN KADAR FOSFOR DAUN TERHADAP PEMBERIAN DOLOMIT DAN PUPUK NPK PADA KACANG KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERRIL) PADA TANAH ULTISOL

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-173
Author(s):  
Samse Pandiangan ◽  
Bangun Tampubolon ◽  
Benika Naibaho ◽  
Jualiana Lumbangaol
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Npk Fertilizers ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphorus Levels

The objectives of this study was to observe the effect of dolomite and NPK fertilizer application on growth,  yield and leaf phosphorus levels of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merril) due to the application of dolomite and NPK fertilizers. This research was conducted from June 2019 to December 2019, at the Experimental Station of Agriculture Faculty of University of HKBP Nommensen Medan in Simalingkar B Village, Medan Tuntungan District at an altitude of ±33m above sea level. Soil type Ultisol with Tex-sand 43.75%, Tex-dust 42.18%, Tex-clay 14.07; pH 4.63; cation exchange capacity (CEC) 14.64%, Ptotal 0.10%, N kjehldahl 1.9% K-exch 0.20%, Ca-exch 1.32%, Mg-exch 0.92%. This research was arranged in a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with 2 treatment factors, namely, the first factor was dolomite (D) which consisted of 3 levels, namely: D0 = 0 g/polybag, D1 = 11.2 g/polybag, D2 = 22.4 g/polybag. The second factor was NPK fertilizer (N), which consisted of 4 levels, namely: N0 = 0 g/polybag, N1 = 1.5g/polybag, N2 = 3 g/polybag and N3 = 4.5g/polybag.  Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of pods, number of filled pods, weight of filled pods, dry seed production per plant, dry weight of 100 seeds and leaf phosphorus levels. The results showed that dolomite application had a very significant effect on the number of pods, number of filled pods, weight of filled pods, dry seed production per plant, dry weight of 100 seeds, but had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves and leaf phosphorus levels. The application of NPK fertilizer had a very significant effect on the number of pods, number of filled pods, dry seed production per plant, dry weight of 100 seeds but had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, weight of filled pods and leaf phosphorus content. The interaction of dolomite and NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on all observed parameters.

scholarly journals Effect of phospho-compost and phosphate laundered sludge combined or not with endomycorrhizal inoculum on the growth and yield of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232
Author(s):  
Soumaya EL Gabardi ◽  
Najoua Mouden ◽  
Mohamed Chliyeh ◽  
Karima Selmaoui ◽  
Amina Ouazzani Touhami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Flower Plant ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
G 34 ◽  
Positive Effect

The study aims to evaluate the effect of endomycorrhizal inoculum (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), phospho-compost and phosphate sludge in single (M, PC, PS) or dual combinations (PC+M, PS+M, PS+PC) compared to agricultural and Mamora soils (A and S) on the growth, flowering, and yield of tomato plants. Among the studied treatments, the substrates containing 5% of phospho-compost combined with endomycorrhizal inoculum (PC+M) gave the most positive effect followed by phospho-compost (PC) and endomycorrhizal inoculum (M). In response to PC+M substrate, tomato plant height, the number of leaves and flowers attained 90 cm, 30, and 25, respectively. In substrates PC and M, tomato plants showed a height of 85 and 75 cm, leaves number of 30 and 19 leave/plant and number of flowers of 21, and 19 flower/plant. An optimal yield with (12 fruits/plant) was recorded in tomato plants grown on the substrate amended with bio-inoculant (AMF) and phospho-compost at a rate of 5%. In terms of qualitative parameters, the highest fresh and dry weight of aerial plant parts and root system were recorded in tomato plants grown in culture substrate incorporating 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum and 5% of phospho-compost reaching respectively103.4 g, 34 g 90.1 g, 28.9 g as compared to 87, 51, 23 and 24.1 g noted by tomato plants on the substrate with phospho-compost (5%) (PC). The highest mycorrhization parameters (frequency (F), intensity of mycorrhization (M), average arbuscular content (A), average vesicular content (V), average intraradicular spore content (S)) were found in the roots of tomato plants growing on substrates amended with 5% phospho-compost plus 10 g of endomycorrhizal inoculum, with percentages of 100% F, 61% M, 40.67% A, 18.36% V, and 56.9% S.

Sex-specific differences in floral display and resource allocation in Australian alpine dioecious Aciphylla glacialis (Apiaceae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Marina Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Large Female ◽  
Floral Display ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Floral Displays

In one of the few dioecious species in the Australian alpine region, Aciphylla glacialis (F.Muell.) Benth. (Apiaceae) flowering and resource allocation patterns were found to differ between males and females, potentially a response to sex-specific selection under the limited conditions for growth and reproduction imposed by the alpine environment. Sex ratios were male biased with approximately 1.49 males to each female in each of five populations of A. glacialis. Male plants had larger floral displays than female plants, producing four times as many flowers per inflorescence and an average of 3.5 inflorescences per plant, compared to 2.9 inflorescences for females. Male and female plants commenced flowering within a few days of each other (average 18 January for males, 19 January for females) but female plants completed flowering earlier, finishing at the end of January, while males were still flowering well into February. Male and female plants did not differ in size as estimated by the number of stems per plant, nor in the proportion of resources allocated to reproduction compared with above ground vegetative structures. However, they did differ in the way resources were allocated to vegetative and floral structures, particularly among larger plants. Large female plants produced heavier stems and infloresences than males. Heavier inflorescences in females may be associated with the need for greater structural support for inflorescences when fruiting, while the increased dry weight of stems may reflect differences in the ways in which the sexes match growth and resource demands for flowering.

Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) biomass allocation and seed production

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kris J. Mahoney ◽  
George O. Kegode
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Biomass Allocation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Allocation Patterns ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Biennial wormwood has become an important weed problem in the northern Great Plains, but little is known about its biology. Biennial wormwood seeds were collected from Fargo, ND, and Fergus Falls, MN, for field experiments in 1999 and 2000 to determine the influence of transplanting date on growth, biomass, and seed production. Seeds were seeded in a greenhouse every 2 wk, and seedling rosettes were transplanted to the field 2 wk after emergence from April 30 until September 15 to simulate season-long emergence. Weekly destructive subsampling started 2 wk after transplanting and ended on September 29 in both years. All seedlings that grew for at least 5 wk after transplanting produced flowers by mid- to late August of the same year. Late-transplanted seedlings with less than 5 wk of growth did not flower or survive the winter. Biennial wormwood biomass allocation patterns resemble those of an annual species, with about 15% of the total dry weight allocated to roots, 20% to stems, 25% to leaves, and 40% to flowers. Transplant date had a substantial influence on biomass partitioning. Seedlings transplanted early in the growing season produced more biomass and seed than late-season transplants. Biennial wormwood seedlings transplanted on April 30 produced over 435,000 seeds per plant, whereas seedlings transplanted on August 15 produced 500 to 3,000 seeds. Biennial wormwood was photoperiod sensitive and flowered when the day length was about 14 h or less, between August 18 and 25, in both years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of arugula cultivars and seed production in the organic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430
Author(s):  
Patricia Augusto da Silva ◽  
Sakae Kinjo ◽  
Marcia Provinzano Braga Xavier de Melo ◽  
Fernando César Sala
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Abstract: The production of arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) in Brazil uses seeds produced in the conventional system, without availability of organic seeds. The aim of this research was to indicate the cultivars of arugula with best performance for commercial production and to evaluate seed production viability, as well as seed quality of these cultivars in the organic production system. Eight cultivars were evaluated in a protected environment for agronomic characteristics in two periods and for seed production. The parameters evaluated were plant height, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry weight, yield, iron and vitamin C contents. For seed production, time for flowering, number of branches per plant, silique length, number of siliquae per plant, number of seeds per silique, yield, one thousand seed weight, first count of germination, germination and seed health. After storage, first germination count, germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index and seed health were evaluated. “Astro” and “Giovana” performed well in the organic system. Organic arugula seeds can be produced with high yield and good seed quality in a protected environment, and the cultivars Astro and LG Maia are suitable for this purpose.

scholarly journals Seasonal Reproductive and Vegetative Growth Patterns and Resource Allocation during Cactus Pear Fruit Growth

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Inglese ◽  
G. Barbera ◽  
T. La Mantia
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fruit Harvest

Flowers and stems (cladodes) of cactus pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.] appear simultaneously in spring, and a second vegetative and reproductive flush can be obtained in early summer by completely removing flowers and cladodes of the spring flush at bloom time. The seasonal growth patterns of cactus pear fruits and cladodes were examined in terms of dry-weight accumulation and cladode extension (surface area) to determine if cladodes are competitive sinks during fruit development. Thermal time was calculated in terms of growing degree hours (GDH) accumulated from bud burst until fruit harvest. Fruits of the spring flush had a 25% lower dry weight and a shorter development period than the summer flush fruits, and, particularly, a shorter duration and a lower growth rate at the stage when most of the core development occurred. The duration of the fruit development period was better explained in terms of thermal rather than chronological time. The number of days required to reach commercial harvest maturity changed with the time of bud burst, but the thermal time (40 × 103 GDH) did not. Newly developing cladodes may become competitive sinks for resource allocation during most of fruit growth, as indicated by the cladode's higher absolute growth rate, and the fruit had the highest growth rate during the final swell of the core, corresponding to a consistent reduction in cladode growth rate. Cladode surface area extension in the first flush ceased at the time of summer fruit harvest (20 Aug.), while cladodes continued to increase in dry weight and thickness until the end of the growing season (November), and, eventually, during winter. The growth of fruit and cladodes of the summer flush occurred simultaneously over the course of the season; the cladodes had a similar surface area and a lower (25%) dry-weight accumulation and thickness than did first flush cladodes. The proportion of annual aboveground dry matter allocated to the fruits was 35% for the spring flush and 46% for the summer flush, being similar to harvest increment values reported for other fruit crops, such as peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Summer cladode pruning and fruit thinning should be accomplished early in the season to avoid resource-limited growth conditions that could reduce fruit and cladode growth potential.

Effect of rhizobacteria strains on the induction of resistance in barley genotypes against Cochliobolus sativus

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Adam
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Barley Genotypes

SummaryEnhancement of the resistance level in plants by rhizobacteria has been proven in several pathosystems. This study investigated the ability of four rhizobacteria strains (Pseudomonas putida BTP1 and Bacillus subtilis Bs2500, Bs2504 and Bs2508) to promote the growth in three barley genotypes and protect them against Cochliobolus sativus. Our results demonstrated that all tested rhizobacteria strains had a protective effect on barley genotypes Arabi Abiad, Banteng and WI2291. However, P. putida BTP1 and B. subtilis Bs2508 strains were the most effective as they reduced disease incidence by 53 and 38% (mean effect), respectively. On the other hand, there were significant differences among the rhizobacteria-treated genotypes on plant growth parameters, such as wet weight, dry weight, plant height and number of leaves. Pseudomonas putida BTP1 strain was the most effective as it significantly increased plant growth by 15-32%. In addition, the susceptible genotypes Arabi Abiad and WI2291 were the most responsive to rhizobacteria. This means that these genotypes have a high potential for increase of their resistance against the pathogen and enhancement of plant growth after the application of rhizobacteria. Consequently, barley seed treatment with the tested rhizobacteria could be considered as an effective biocontrol method against C. sativus.

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