The identification, induction of perithecia, and pathogenicity of Gibberella (Fusarium) tricincta n.sp.

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (18) ◽  
pp. 2203-2206 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. El-Gholl ◽  
J. J. McRitchie ◽  
C. L. Schoulties ◽  
W. H. Ridings
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation ◽  
Sexual State ◽  
Fusarium Tricinctum ◽  
English Ivy

Fusarium was consistently isolated from leaf spots on English ivy (Hedera helix L.). This Fusarium culture (mass culture) was single spored, and three distinct pigmentation types were evident: brown, red, and white. They appeared to be cultural variants of the mycelial type and were identified as Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. Perithecia resulting from pairings of certain combinations of these single-spored cultures, or from the mass culture, were formed on water agar containing cold-sterilized dried stem pieces of coastal Bermuda hay (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Gibberella tricincta n.sp. is proposed for the binomial of the heterothallic sexual state, which is heretofore undescribed. In vitro inoculation of detached English ivy leaves with ascospores or conidia of the pathogen reproduced the leaf spotting originally observed; however, pathogenicity was very limited under the conditions studied.

Factors affecting perithecial production in Gibberella (Fusarium) tricincta

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (22) ◽  
pp. 2497-2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. El-Gholl ◽  
C. L. Schoulties ◽  
W. H. Ridings
Keyword(s):  
Mass Culture ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Leaf Spots

Three pigmentation types (brown, red, and white) of Fusarium tricinctum (Corda) Sacc. were observed when an isolated mass culture from leaf spots on English ivy (Hedera helix L.) was single spored. Perithecia of the heterothallic fungus Gibberella tricincta El-Gholl were produced at 20 and 27 °C on stem pieces of Cynodon dactylan Pers. resting on water agar, under 12-h alternating light and dark when certain pigmentation types were paired. Pairing of red and brown pigmentation types yielded significantly (P < 0.05) more perithecia than red and white pairings at 20 and 27 °C. Perithecia were formed only in combinations of red with brown or white pigmentation types. In both sets of pairings, significantly (P < 0.05) more perithecia were produced at 27 than at 20 °C. No perithecia were formed in constant darkness. Occasionally, the red pigmentation type became white after subsequent transfers and never reverted to the red pigmentation on various media and failed to produce perithecia with any pigmentation type. Continuous darkness slightly favored red pigment formation over continuous light as detected by the Munsell color codes. Increasing temperatures from 20 to 32 °C decreased the colony growth diameter of the red-pigmented cultural type. At 32 °C a change in hue was noted with corresponding changes in color codes. Red mycelial pigmentation was intensified by the addition of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc to a basal medium. The addition of 0.1% yeast extract favored mycelial development and caused a more pronounced red mycelial pigmentation in the presence of heavy metals.

scholarly journals In vitro growth response to bacterial wilt pathogen of banana (var. lakatan, Musa acuminata Colla) plantlets regenerated from ethyl methanesulfonate-treated shoot explants

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Nonna Fatima Abello ◽  
Tessie Nuñez
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Ethyl Methanesulfonate ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation ◽  
The Many

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum leads to death of infected suckers and reduces the yield of commercially important banana varieties like Lakatan. Among the many varieties of banana, no germplasm with bacterial wilt resistance has been identified yet (Tripathi et al 2004). Mutation induction in plants to develop disease resistance genes using physical or chemical mutagens has been used as alternative to harmful pesticides. To induce mutation for the possible development of resistance to bacterial wilt, shoot tips of Stage 2 in vitro-grown Lakatan plantlets were exposed to 0.1% and 0.2% ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 12 and 24h. Treated and untreated explants were cultured in-vitro to regenerate plantlets. Shoots emerged two days after in vitro inoculation of explants treated with – 0.1% EMS for 12h. Significantly longer shoots also developed from the cultures compared to the untreated explants. The other explants exposed to other treatments had shoot emergence one to three days later. Falcate, curled, irregularly-shaped, and yellowish leaves and pseudostems also developed in EMS-treated cultures. Untreated plantlets exhibited at least one bacterial wilt symptom such as leaf spots, necrosis at pseudostem base, and death six days from the introduction of Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro. Plantlets from explants exposed to 0.1% EMS for 12h did not exhibit disease symptoms even after ten days of exposure to the pathogen and had 100% survival. Seventy one percent of plantlets from explants exposed to 0.1% EMS for 24h and 55% from explants treated with 0.2% EMS for 24h also survived without infection. The surviving plantlets need to be studied further for their ex vitro responses to the pathogen and determine possible genetic changes due to the chemical mutagen treatment.

scholarly journals Lignification Associated with Decreased Adventitious Rooting Competence of English Ivy Petioles

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
Richard A. Reineke ◽  
Wesley P. Hackett ◽  
Alan G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Juvenile Phase ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
Lignin Accumulation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rooting Competence ◽  
English Ivy

Abstract English ivy (Hedera helix L.) was used to study the relationship between lignin accumulation and adventitious rooting. Juvenile-phase and three chronological ages of mature-phase petioles were collected from clonal stock plants, analyzed for quantity of vascular lignin, and placed in an in vitro rooting assay. Rooting competence was determined by observing the number of roots formed per petiole. The number of roots per petiole differed significantly between juvenile-phase and mature-phase petioles. Lignin accumulation increased during petiole growth and development with chronologically older mature-phase petioles having the greatest amounts of lignin. There was a negative correlation between lignin accumulation and adventitious rooting competence.

scholarly journals Produção e valor nutritivo do capim-coastcross sob doses de nitrogênio e idades de rebrotação

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Oliveira ◽  
O.G. Pereira ◽  
K.G. Ribeiro ◽  
M.E.R. Santos ◽  
F.H.M. Chizzotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon

Avaliaram-se a produção e o valor nutritivo do capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) sob cinco doses de nitrogênio - 0, 100, 200, 300 e 400kg/ha.ano - e duas idades de rebrotação - 28 e 42 dias. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A adubação com nitrogênio (N) foi parcelada em três aplicações, realizadas logo após os cortes. A densidade populacional de perfilhos apresentou padrão de resposta quadrático em resposta à aplicação de N. A produção de forragem do capim-coastcross variou de 8,0 a 17,2t/ha.ano para as doses de 0 a 400kg/ha.ano de N, apresentando resposta linear positiva com a adubação nitrogenada. Maiores valores de relação folha:colmo (RFC) foram obtidos em cortes mais tardios, na ausência de aplicação de N. Em geral, as doses crescentes de N diminuíram linearmente a RFC do capim-coastcross. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou linearmente os teores de proteína bruta (PB), observando-se maior eficiência de resposta na idade de 28 dias. Aumentos na digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em resposta à aplicação de doses crescentes de N somente ocorreram em plantas mais jovens, aos 28 dias de rebrotação. O teor de fibra em detergente neutro reduziu linearmente com a adubação nitrogenada. O efeito da adubação nitrogenada no valor nutritivo do capim-coastcross depende da idade de rebrotação dessa forrageira. Com a aplicação de maiores doses de N e sob condições favoráveis de crescimento, o pasto de capim-coastcross deve ser manejado com frequência de desfolhação de 28 dias.

scholarly journals Φαρμακοκινητικές αλληλεπιδράσεις φαρμάκων με φυτοθεραπευτικά σκευάσματα

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Μάριος Σπανάκης
Keyword(s):  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Rhodiola Rosea ◽  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Evening Primrose Oil ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Agnus Castus

Τα φυτοθεραπευτικά σκευάσματα (φυτικά φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα) αποτελούν σκευάσματα τα οποία περιέχουν ως συστατικά ενώσεις φυτικής προέλευσης ή τμήματα φυτικού υλικού. Τα φυτοθεραπευτικά σκευάσματα χαρακτηρίζονται και διατίθενται ως συμπληρώματα διατροφής ή σκευάσματα συμπληρωματικών - εναλλακτικών θεραπειών. Τα τυποποιημένα φυτικά φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα γενικά χαρακτηρίζονται ως ασφαλή σκευάσματα, παρόλα αυτά, η ταυτόχρονη χρήση τους κατά τη λήψη συμβατικής θεραπευτικής αγωγής από ασθενείς πρέπει να λαμβάνεται υπόψη για την αποφυγή πιθανών προβλημάτων όσον αφορά την αποτελεσματικότητα και την ασφάλεια των λαμβανόμενων συμβατικών φαρμάκων. Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να μελετήσει τo ενδεχόμενο πρόκλησης φαρμακοκινητικών αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ φαρμάκων και τυποποιημένων φυτοθεραπευτικών σκευασμάτων καθώς και να εκτιμήσει την κλινική σημασία τους. Η μελέτη επικεντρώθηκε στην εκκριτική λειτουργία της Ρ-γλυκοπρωτεΐνης (P-gp), η οποία διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην απορρόφηση φαρμάκων από το έντερο καθώς και στο μεταβολισμό από τα κυτοχρώματα Ρ-450 (CYPs) τα οποία παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στο μεταβολισμό των φαρμάκων. Η επίδραση των φυτοθεραπευτικών εκχυλισμάτων μελετήθηκε όσον αφορά την εκκριτική λειτουργία της Ρ-γλυκοπρωτεΐνης στα Caco-2 κύτταρα εκτιμώντας το φαινόμενο συντελεστή διαπερατότητας της ροδαμίνης-123. Η μεταβολική δραστηριότητα των ανασυνδυασμένων CYPs μελετήθηκε με τη χρήση προτύπων φαρμάκων όπως της φαινακετίνης από το CYP1A2, της S-βαρφαρίνης από το CYP2C9 και της δεξτρομεθορφάνης από το CYP2D6 και CYP3A4. Για την ποσοτικοποίηση των προτύπων ενώσεων και των μεταβολιτών τους αναπτύχθηκαν και επικυρώθηκαν αξιόπιστες SIM GC/MS και HPLC/UV βιοαναλυτικές μέθοδοι. Τα αποτελέσματα των in vitro πειραμάτων αναλύθηκαν περαιτέρω με την εφαρμογή της πλατφόρμας πληθυσμιακής φαρμακοκινητικής Simcyp® για να εκτιμηθεί η πιθανή κλινική σημασία των αποτελεσμάτων τα οποία θα αιτιολογούσαν τη διενέργεια μιας in vivo μελέτης φαρμακοκινητικής αλληλεπίδρασης μεταξύ ενός φυτοθεραπευτικού σκευάσματος και της λοσαρτάνης που αποτελεί υπόστρωμα της P-gp και μεταβολίζεται από τα CYP2C9 και CYP3A4. Τα τυποποιημένα φυτοθεραπευτικά σκευάσματα που επιλέχθηκαν να μελετηθούν στην παρούσα εργασία ήταν τα: Agnus castus, Aloe vera, Artichoke, Crocus sativus, Evening primrose oil, Ginseng, Guarana, Hawthorn, Hedera helix, Horse chestnut, Lobelia, Rhodiolarosea and Senna. Τα αποτελέσματα των επωάσεων με τα Caco-2 κύτταρα και τα ανασυνδυασμένα CYPs έδειξαν ότι τα φυτοθεραπευτικά σκευάσματα Rhodiola rosea, Artichoke, Agnus castus, Ginseng και Senna επηρέασαν περισσότερο από όλα την εκκριτική λειτουργία της P-gp και το μεταβολισμό μέσω των CYPs. Τα αποτελέσματα από το Simcyp® έδειξαν ότι τα σκευάσματα της Rhodiola rosea και του Artichoke παρουσίασαν το μεγαλύτερο ενδιαφέρον για περαιτέρω διερεύνηση σε επίπεδο κλινικών μελετών για πιθανές φαρμακοκινητικές αλληλεπιδράσεις με φάρμακα που αποτελούν υποστρώματα της P-gp και των CYPs. Η in vivo φαρμακοκινητική μελέτη που διερεύνησε την αλληλεπίδραση της λοσαρτάνης με το σκεύασμα της Rhodiola rosea επιβεβαίωσε σε ένα βαθμό τα in vitro αποτελέσματα και τις εκτιμήσεις από το Simcyp®.

scholarly journals Relação entre pressão e volume para implantação da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases na avaliação de forrageiras tropicais

2003 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Maurício ◽  
L.G.R. Pereira ◽  
L.C. Gonçalves ◽  
N.M. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Brachiaria Brizantha

O trabalho teve como objetivo demonstrar o procedimento inicial para a instalação da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases em diferentes laboratórios, ou seja, estabelecer uma equação que estime o volume (V) de gases produzidos no interior dos frascos por meio de dados de pressão (P) e V, obtidos manualmente durante a fermentação de diferentes substratos. Foram utilizadas sete forrageiras: feno de Cynodon dactylon (tifton 85), Brachiaria brizantha (braquiarão), Neonotonia wightii (soja perene) e silagens de quatro genótipos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), que geraram 1036 dados de P e V. A equação relacionando V e P obtida foi: V = -0,004 (s.e. 0,06) + 4,43P (s.e. 0,043) + 0,051 P²(s.e. 0,007), R² = 0,99, a qual permitiu a instalação da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases no laboratório de nutrição animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola de Veterinária da UFMG.

scholarly journals First Report of Erysiphe cichoracearum Infecting Hedera canariensis var. azorica in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
C. Nali
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Cucumis Sativus L ◽  
First Report ◽  
Erysiphe Cichoracearum ◽  
English Ivy

A powdery mildew disease of variegated ivy (Hedera canariensis L. var. azorica) was observed on the Tyrrhenian coast in Tuscany (Italy) in spring 1998. Symptoms began as small, nearly circular reddish spots that later enlarged and coalesced. The hyaline mycelium produced abundant, ellipsoid conidia in long chains that ranged from 20 to 40 μm in length and from 12 to 25 μm in width. Cleistothecia were globose (100 to 120 μm diameter), dark brown (when mature) with a basal ring of mycelioid appendages, and contained several (up to 20) ovate asci, each generally containing two ascospores. Ascospores were hyaline, one-celled, ellipsoid (20 to 35 μm in length and 10 to 20 μm in width). The morphological characteristics of this fungus were those given for Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. Infection also was found on English ivy (Hedera helix L.). It is reported that this species is, occasionally, subject to powdery mildew caused by E. cichoracearum (1). Conidia from infected leaves were shaken onto leaves of melon (Cucumis melo L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum. & Nakai), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and variegated and English ivy. After 7 days, the disease was observed on cucumber, melon, watermelon, tobacco, and variegated ivy. Examination confirmed that test plants were infected with E. cichoracearum. This is the first report of E. cichoracearum on variegated ivy in Italy. Reference: (1) P. P. Pirone. 1970. Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. The Ronald Press, New York.

Characterization of English ivy (Hedera helix) adhesion force and imaging using atomic force microscopy

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1029-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijin Xia ◽  
Scott C. Lenaghan ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Yu Wu ◽  
Xiaopeng Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Hedera Helix ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
English Ivy
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