Depth of underground plant organs and theoretical survival during fire

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (19) ◽  
pp. 2550-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Flinn ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Kalmia Angustifolia ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Vaccinium Myrtilloides

For 21 study sites in the Acadia Forest Experiment Station, near Fredericton, New Brunswick, 34 commonly occurring understory species were studied to determine the depth of underground plant organs capable of growing shoots. Depth of these plant parts tended to be species specific. These depth data, together with a knowledge of the sprouting ability of the underground organs, were used to postulate which species would survive fires of varying intensities. Most species found in the litter layer or in the F and H layer of the forested study sites would be susceptible to fires of low intensity. Rubus canadensis, Kalmia angnstifolia, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Pteridium aquilinum, and Viburnum cassinoides would probably survive severe fires because the subterranean plant organs capable of reproduction were found in the mineral soil. In the bog study sites, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Andromeda glaucopliylla, Kalmia angustifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum groenlandicum, and Rhododendron canadense would likely survive severe fires because the plant organs capable of vegetative reproduction were found 25 cm below the surface of the bog.

Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (18) ◽  
pp. 2408-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice M. Moore ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Soil ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Forest Experiment Station ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Germination Experiment

Seedling emergence from organic and mineral soil layers was measured for nine study sites at the Acadia Forest Experiment Station near Fredericton, New Brunswick. The number of viable seeds showed a decrease from deciduous-dominated forest, to conifer-dominated forest, to organic soil study sites. Viable seed number varied from 3400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest study site to zero for a bog study site. Most seeds germinated from the upper organic soil layers of all study sites and were predominantly Rubus strigosus Michx. After the germination experiment, ungerminated seeds, which showed no viability by the tetrazolium test, were separated from the soil. These seeds were almost entirely Betula spp. and seed numbers were as high as 4200–9400/m2 for a deciduous-dominated forest. The applicability of the results to differing types of postdisturbance revegetation is discussed.

Consumption of cultivated subterranean plant organs by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Maureen S. McCarthy ◽  
Jack D. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dietary Flexibility ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Western Uganda

Abstract Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are ripe fruit specialists, they sometimes consume other plant parts including subterranean organs like roots and tubers. Such plant parts, which include underground storage organs (USOs), have been found to play a key role in the diets of some chimpanzee populations as well as, potentially, our hominin ancestors. We report the confirmed consumption of subterranean plant organs of three species — sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), yams (Dioscorea alata) and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), as well as unconfirmed consumption of cassava (Manihot esculenta) — by chimpanzees in a human-dominated landscape in western Uganda. These observations point toward the dietary flexibility of chimpanzees inhabiting anthropogenic landscapes, though mechanisms of novel food acquisition, particularly for subterranean fruits and tubers, are not well understood. Dietary flexibility may help chimpanzees survive as natural forest resources disappear, but simultaneously may bring them into greater conflict with their human neighbours, thereby further imperilling them.

Patterns of abundance and size of Dictyoceratid sponges among neighbouring islands in central Torres Strait, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Duckworth ◽  
Carsten W. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Size Frequency Distribution ◽  
Abundance Patterns ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Dysidea Herbacea ◽  
Torres Strait ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Species Specific

Distribution and size frequency patterns of sessile organisms such as sponges may vary among and within neighbouring reefs. In the present study, we examined small-scale variation of dictyoceratid sponges (class Demospongiae), commonly found on coral reefs, by surveying six neighbouring islands in central Torres Strait. Each island had four study sites, at least 1 km apart, with each site consisting of three shallow (4 to 6 m) and three deep (10 to 15 m) 20 m2 transects. For each transect, we recorded the number of each species and measured the size of the more common dictyoceratid sponges. Seven species of dictyoceratid were recorded in central Torres Strait, with only three species, Coscinoderma sp., Dysidea herbacea and Hyrtios erecta, common to all six islands. Abundance patterns generally varied greatly among islands or sites within islands, perhaps resulting from a combination of physical, biological and stochastic factors. More dictyoceratids were found in deeper water; however, abundance across depth for some species varied among islands or sites. Size-frequency distribution patterns also varied greatly among islands and dictyoceratid species, indicating that factors that may promote growth for one species may not necessarily promote growth for a related species. This study shows that patterns of abundance and size of dictyoceratids can vary greatly over small spatial scales, and that patterns are species-specific.

scholarly journals Power to Detect Trend in Short-Term Time Series of Bird Abundance

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-948
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Thogmartin ◽  
Brian R. Gray ◽  
Maureen Gallagher ◽  
Neal Young ◽  
Jason J. Rohweder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wet Prairie ◽  
Bird Abundance ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Avian point counts for population monitoring are often collected over a short timespan (e.g., 3–5 years). We examined whether power was adequate (power ≥0.80) in short-duration studies to warrant the calculation of trend estimates. We modeled power to detect trends in abundance indices of eight bird species occurring across three floodplain habitats (wet prairie, early successional forest, and mature forest) as a function of trend magnitude, sample size, and species-specific sampling and among-year variance components. Point counts (5 min) were collected from 365 locations distributed among 10 study sites along the lower Missouri River; counts were collected over the period 2002 to 2004. For all study species, power appeared adequate to detect trends in studies of short duration (three years) at a single site when exponential declines were relatively large in magnitude (more than −5% year−1) and the sample of point counts per year was ≥30. Efforts to monitor avian trends with point counts in small managed lands (i.e., refuges and parks) should recognize this sample size restriction by including point counts from offsite locations as a means of obtaining sufficient numbers of samples per strata. Trends of less than −5% year−1 are not likely to be consistently detected for most species over the short term, but short-term monitoring may still be useful as the basis for comparisons with future surveys.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Phenolic Compound Profile and Antioxidant Potential of Achillea atrata L. and Achillea millefolium L.

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Lysanne Salomon ◽  
Peter Lorenz ◽  
Marek Bunse ◽  
Otmar Spring ◽  
Florian C. Stintzing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Hydrazyl Radical

In the present study, Achillea atrata L. and A. millefolium L. were compared for the first time with regard to their phenolic compound profile and antioxidant activity by applying the 2,2-diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl radical assay. For this purpose, aerial plant parts were consecutively extracted with solvents of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate), revealing that the A. atrata ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 12.2 ± 0.29 µg/mL compared to 17.0 ± 0.26 µg/mL for A. millefolium. Both species revealed the presence of luteolin, apigenin, centaureidin, and nevadensin exclusively in this most polar fraction, which are known as effective 2,2-diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl radical scavengers. The antioxidant capacity of the aforementioned fractions strikingly correlated with their total phenolic contents, which was highest in the ethyl acetate fraction of A. atrata. Characterization of the metabolite profiles of both Achillea species showed only marginal differences in the presence of key compounds, whereas the concentrations of individual compounds appeared to be species-specific. Our results suggest that A. atrata, based on its compound pattern and bioactivity characteristics, has similar qualities for phytotherapy as A. millefolium.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenija Vujnovic ◽  
Ross W. Wein
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Linaria Dalmatica ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Dalmatian Toadflax ◽  
Canadian Provinces ◽  
The 1960S

Dalmatian Toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is an important weed of rangelands, agricultural crops and waste areas in North America. The literature is less extensive than for the closely related yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.). Introduced from Eurasia as an ornamental plant into North America by 1894, it became naturalized in seven Canadian provinces and all of the United States of America west of the 100th meridian except for New Mexico. In North America it ranges from ca. 35° to 56°N latitude and it grows from near sea level to altitudes up to ca. 2800 m. Production of up to one-half million seeds per plant and its long-lived perennial nature make the species highly competitive and able to invade cropland and even stands of native ungrazed vegetation. Linaria dalmatica is a hemicryptophyte with strong vegetative reproduction and dormant seeds. Growth of creeping roots after removal of aboveground plant parts limits the effectiveness of control treatments such as grazing, clipping, mowing or burning. Several herbicides control the species for the short term; the smooth and waxy leaf surfaces may hinder herbicide uptake. Experimental biological control with insects since the 1960s shows promise. Key words: Linaria dalmatica, Dalmatian toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review

Heat tolerance of rhizomes of several understory species

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Flinn ◽  
Joan K. Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Pteridium Aquilinum ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Understory Species ◽  
Chamaedaphne Calyculata ◽  
Cornus Canadensis ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Maianthemum Canadense ◽  
Study Sites

Rhizomes of eight understory species: Gaultheria procumbens, Maianthemum canadense, Vaccinium angustifolium, Cornus canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Kalmia angustifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata, and Rhododendron canadense were subjected to treatments of 45, 50, 55 and 60 °C for 5 min in a water bath. Selection of these species for study was based on differences in the depth of the rhizomes, in habitat, and in rhizome morphology. Samples were collected from study sites located near Halifax, in the Nova Scotia Acadian Forest region.Maximum shoot growth occurred at different temperatures for the various species: 45 °C for Cornus canadensis; 50 °C for Chamaedaphne calyculata, R. canadense, and V. angustifolium; 55 °C for G. procumbens and M. canadense. Death occurred at or below 60 °C for most species. For comparative purposes, a temperature tolerance index (TTI) was calculated for each species. The TTI indicated that R. canadense and V. angustifolium showed the greatest tolerance to higher temperatures and that K. angustifolia and P. aquilinum showed the least tolerance. Mean shoot number increased significantly following spring treatments for all species except for Cornus canadensis which showed greater increase following autumn treatments.

scholarly journals Ecological Distribution of Protosteloid Amoebae in New Zealand

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Zahn ◽  
Stephen L. Stevenson ◽  
Frederick W. Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Study Sites

During the period of March 2004 to December 2007, samples of aerial litter (dead but still attached plant parts) and ground litter were collected from study sites representing a wide range of latitudes (34° S to 50° S) and a variety of different types of habitats throughout New Zealand (including Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands). The objective was to survey the assemblages of protosteloid amoebae present in this region of the world. Twenty-nine described species of protosteloid amoebae were recorded, along with the heterolobesean acrasid, Acrasis rosea. Of the species recovered, Protostelium mycophaga was by far the most abundant and was found in more than half of all samples. Most species were found in fewer than 10% of the samples collected. Seven abundant or common species were found to display significant preferences for aerial litter or ground litter microhabitats. There was some evidence of a general pattern of a decrease in species richness and diversity with increasing latitude and precipitation and elevation.

scholarly journals Impact of different habitat parameters on carabid beetle assemblages in selected areas of a forest-field landscape in Poland – 10 years of data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Schwerk ◽  
Agata Jojczyk ◽  
Izabela Dymitryszyn
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Individual Study ◽  
Biomass Removal ◽  
Beetle Assemblages ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Impact

Species diversity in a given landscape depends to a high degree on its habitat diversity. However, the specificity of different environmental factors may play a different role and individual habitats may undergo changes in time (succession). Moreover, some large-scale environmental factors may affect the habitats in the same way but differ from year to year. A long-term study was carried out with the aim to study the impact of selected environmental factors on the carabid assemblages of individual study site over the years and the impact of selected environmental factors on the carabid assemblages of the set of all study sites in selected years. the impact of selected environmental factors on the carabid assemblages of individual study site over the years and the impact of selected environmental factors on the carabid assemblages of the set of all study sites in selected years. In order to deal with this task, the carabid beetles assemblages on different study sites in a forest-field landscape in Poland were collected using pitfall traps over a period of ten years (2009-2018). The sites were a planted pine forest (12 years old in 2009), a planted pine forest (31 years old in 2009), a naturally-regenerated pine stand (about 10 years old in 2009), a naturally-regenerated pine forest (about 67 years old in 2009), an naturally regenerated pine forest with a share of oak, beech and birch (about 82 years old in 2009), two irregularly-mown sites without biomass removal, and a regularly-mown site with biomass removal. With respect to individual study sites the impact of the factors age (year of the study), temperature and rainfall in the year of inventory, and temperature and rainfall in the preceding year was tested. The impact of the factors age (stand age in the respective year), carbon in the organic layer, carbon in the mineral soil and distance from the nearest forest was analyzed for the set of all study sites in the years 2011 and 2015. Altogether, 9208 individuals belonging to 77 species were collected. Redundancy Analyses (RDA) indicated that on the individual study sites the year of study was generally positively correlated with temperature and negatively with rainfall, indicating increasing temperatures and decreasing amount of rainfall over the years. For study sites in forest stands in most cases the rainfall was a significant factor, especially the rainfall in the year before the inventory. For study sites in open areas both rainfall and temperature showed significant results. Using Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA) for analyzing the impact of the factors on carabid assemblages of the full set of study sites in 2011 and 2015, it was shown that age was positively correlated with carbon in the organic layer, but not with carbon in the mineral soil. Significant factors were carbon in the organic layer and distance from the nearest forest. The results of the study enlarge our knowledge on the impact of different predictable and stochastic environmental factors on the formation of carabid beetle assemblages in rural landscapes.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in rural Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Berhanu Tsegay ◽  
Ethiopia Mazengia ◽  
Tadesse Beyene
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Associated Knowledge

Abstract. Mazengia E, Beyene T, Tsegay BA. 2019. Short Communication: Diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in rural Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Asian J For 3: 75-82. Survey of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human ailments by the rural community of Bahir Dar City Administration was conducted from November 23, 2017 to May 30, 2018 with the aim of identifying and documenting plants and the associated knowledge used to treat humans. We collected data from six study sites using semi-structured interview, field observation and group discussion. Data analyses were made using preference ranking, direct matrix ranking and fidelity level index. A total of 77 medicinal plants were identified. The majority of plants (58.4%) are harvested from the wild. The largest number of plants were herbs (42.6%) followed by shrubs (32.6%). The most frequently used plant parts in human disease treatments are leaves (54%) followed by roots (18%). Most remedies are prepared by pounding and mixing (concoction) (36%). The remedial administration was mostly oral (51%) followed by dermal (31%). Allium sativum and Ocimum lamiifolium are frequently used. The community in the study area uses considerable diversity of plant species for maintaining their health care system. Nonetheless, conservation for those plants whose roots are harvested is necessary.    

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