Mycorrhizae of Abies concolor in California

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1345-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel F. Alvarez ◽  
Fields W. Cobb Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Abies Concolor ◽  
North Central ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
The North ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cenococcum Graniforme

Nine different types of mycorrhizae were observed on naturally occurring white fir seedlings in the north central Sierra Nevada, including one formed by the ubiquitous Cenococcum graniforme. The macro- and micro-scopic characteristics and reactions to different chemical reagents are described for five types. Possible mycorrhizal fungi of white fir are listed. Nursery-grown seedlings examined were ectomycorrhizal; intracellular penetration was not observed. None of the naturally occurring mycorrhizal types were found on nursery seedlings.

Mycorrhizae and growth of white fir seedlings in mineral soil with and without organic layers in a California forest

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel F. Alvarez ◽  
David L. Rowney ◽  
Fields W. Cobb Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
North Central ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Total Length ◽  
The North ◽  
White Fir

White fir (Abiesconcolor (Gord. et Glend.) Lindl.) seedlings appear to survive and grow better in mineral soil alone than in mineral soil with organic layers. To determine whether the better growth observed in seedlings in mineral soil (M), compared with those in mineral soil with organic layers (MO), could be related to the incidence of mycorrhizae in their root systems, natural M and MO seedlings were examined from five sites in the north central Sierra Nevada. Statistical analysis of the data showed that seedling dry weight was significantly related to total length of roots, number of main lateral roots, and presence of mycorrhizae on the roots. Dry weight, total length of roots, total number of mycorrhizal tips, and number of mycorrhizal tips per centimetre of roots were significantly higher for M compared with MO seedlings. Age, number of main lateral roots, and number of mycorrhizal tips per centimetre of roots are highly significant in distinguishing M from MO seedlings. The data indicate that mycorrhizae play an important role in the growth of white fir seedlings, and that both growth and presence of mycorrhizae are favored by the absence of organic layers.

Overview of Naturally Occurring Asbestos in California and Southwestern Nevada

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
R. Mark Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
North American ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
North American Plate ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The North ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Asbestos

ABSTRACT Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) is being discovered in a widening array of geologic environments. The complex geology of the state of California is an excellent example of the variety of geologic environments and rock types that contain NOA. Notably, the majority of California rocks were emplaced during a continental collision of eastward-subducting oceanic and island arc terranes (Pacific and Farallon plates) with the westward continental margin of the North American plate between 65 and 150 MY BP. This collision and accompanying accretion of oceanic and island arc material from the Pacific plate onto the North American plate, as well as the thermal events caused by emplacement of the large volcanic belt that became today's Sierra Nevada mountain range, are the principal processes that produced the rocks where the majority of NOA-bearing units have been identified.

Distribution and abundance of Rhynchocinetes typus (Crustacea: Decapoda), in different benthic community structures in northern Chile

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Caillaux ◽  
Wolfgang B. Stotz
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Community ◽  
Subtidal Zone ◽  
Suspension Feeding ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Lessonia Trabeculata ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Shrimp Abundance ◽  
Barren Grounds

An evaluation was carried out on the distribution and abundance of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus in the inshore subtidal zone on the north-central coast of Chile. A number of different benthic community types occur in the region which have different degrees of spatial complexity provided by the primary substratum and by the biotic communities colonizing the substratum. Shrimp abundance was estimated in five different community types including shallow and deep ‘barren grounds’, low encrusting communities, erect suspension feeding associations, and kelp beds of Lessonia trabeculata. The abundance of shrimp was determined on three different types of primary substratum (stones, boulders, rock mass) within each community. Rhynchocinetes typus occurred in all the communities studied, showing the highest abundance on the deep barren grounds and lowest abundance on the shallow barren grounds. The shrimp was found to prefer the stony areas, as these offered the greatest degree of refuge. The abundance of predators was not significantly different among the different communities. However, a decline of abundance of predators was apparent over the deep barren grounds.

Bear Paw Petroglyphs and the Prehistoric Martis Complex

1994 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Willis A. Gortner
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Rock Art ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Frequent Use

People of the Martis Complex occupied lands adjoining the north-central Sierra Nevada from approximately 2000 B.C. to 500 A.D. They left their rock art on 100 or more rock outcroppings. The appearance of glyphs clearly resembling a bear paw or bear track at several dozen petroglyph sites suggested that this symbol in the north-central Sierra Nevada might be unique to the Martis people. A review of the occurrence of bear paw glyphs at ninety nine recorded sites in Nevada and 265 petroglyph sites in California showed that none of these glyphs appeared at the 293 sites more than 90 km from Martis territory. By contrast, 133 bear paw glyphs were recorded at twenty-nine sites in or near Martis territory. The frequent use of the bear paw symbol in the Martis rock art suggests that it may be a ritualistic symbol related to a bear cult, bear clan, or a family or clan totem in the culture of these prehistoric people.

Does coring contribute to tree mortality?

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2394-2398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. van Mantgem ◽  
Nathan L Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Abies Concolor ◽  
Maximum Life Span ◽  
Coniferous Species ◽  
Abies Magnifica ◽  
White Fir

We assess the potential of increment coring, a common method for measuring tree ages and growth, to contribute to mortality. We used up to 21 years of annual censuses from two cored and two uncored permanent plots in the Sierra Nevada of California, to detect changes in mortality rates 12 years following coring for individuals >5 cm DBH from two coniferous species, Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindl. (white fir) and Abies magnifica A. Murr. (red fir). Using a randomized before-after control impact (BACI) design, we found no differences in mortality rates following coring for 825 cored and 525 uncored A. concolor and 104 cored and 66 uncored A. magnifica. These results support the view that collecting tree cores can be considered nondestructive sampling, but we emphasize that our 12-year postcoring records are short compared with the maximum life-span of these trees and that other species in different environments may prove to be more sensitive to coring.

Post-fire epicormic branching in Sierra Nevada Abies concolor (white fir)

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad T. Hanson ◽  
Malcolm P. North
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Abies Concolor ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forest ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Epicormic Branching

In California’s mixed-conifer forest, which historically had a regime of frequent fires, two conifers, Sequoiadendron giganteum and Pseudotsuga menziesii, were previously known to produce epicormic sprouts from branches. We found epicormic branching in a third mixed-conifer species, Abies concolor, 3 and 4 years after a wildfire in the central Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Sprouting occurred only from the boles. We investigated (1) whether the degree of crown loss and the extent of epicormic branching were independent; and (2) whether epicormic branching differed by tree size. The vertical extent of epicormic foliage increased with increasing severity of crown loss. There was a significantly greater proportion of large diameter-class (>50 cm diameter at breast height [dbh]) trees with epicormic branching than small/medium diameter-class (25–50 cm dbh) trees. These results suggest large diameter Abies concolor may survive high levels of crown loss, aided by crown replacement through epicormic branching, but that reiterative green foliage may not appear for up to 3 years after fire damage. If this response is widespread, it would suggest some ‘dying’ trees logged under current salvage guidelines could survive, and that higher-intensity fire may substantially reduce the density of small post-fire suppression white fir, while retaining many larger overstory trees.

Growth rate predicts mortality of Abies concolor in both burned and unburned stands

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip J. van Mantgem ◽  
Nathan L Stephenson ◽  
Linda S Mutch ◽  
Veronica G Johnson ◽  
Annie M Esperanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Abies Concolor ◽  
Stress Growth ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Crown Scorch ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Probability Of Death

Tree mortality is often the result of both long-term and short-term stress. Growth rate, an indicator of long-term stress, is often used to estimate probability of death in unburned stands. In contrast, probability of death in burned stands is modeled as a function of short-term disturbance severity. We sought to narrow this conceptual gap by determining (i) whether growth rate, in addition to crown scorch, is a predictor of mortality in burned stands and (ii) whether a single, simple model could predict tree death in both burned and unburned stands. Observations of 2622 unburned and 688 burned Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. (white fir) in the Sierra Nevada of California, U.S.A., indicated that growth rate was a significant predictor of mortality in the unburned stands, while both crown scorch and radial growth were significant predictors of mortality in the burned stands. Applying the burned stand model to unburned stands resulted in an overestimation of the unburned stand mortality rate. While failing to create a general model of tree death for A. concolor, our findings underscore the idea that similar processes may affect mortality in disturbed and undisturbed stands.

Evidence for a Prehistoric Petroglyph Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada

1988 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willis A. Gortner
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Map Interpretation ◽  
American River ◽  
North Fork

A single petroglyph site in the North-Central Sierra Nevada in the upper watershed of the North Fork of the American River has a unique glyph with meandering and connecting wavy lines that are now proposed as trail maps. A tracing of this glyph was made from a photograph, and this was then placed with the same compass alignment on a topographic map showing all petrographic sites along the North Fork watershed. The ability to superimpose and accurately orient the glyph tracing over a map of these petroglyph sites, and the presence of petroglyphs on seventy-seven individual rock outcroppings mostly within 50 m of the presumed trails, support the trail map interpretation of this rock carving. It is suggested that a hunt shaman may have incised this glyph for ritualistic use.

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