Some effects of the nitrogen supply on growth and development of Cirsium arvense

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (24) ◽  
pp. 3012-3021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre ◽  
James H. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ammonium Toxicity ◽  
N Level ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

The influence of nitrogen nutrition on the growth and development of Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., was investigated by growing seedlings in sand culture under controlled conditions. A preliminary experiment showed that seedlings at the cotyledon stage were very susceptible to injury by high salt concentration; a 10 × dilution of Hoagland's solution was required for successful establishment. Nitrate-N at 210 ppm caused severe leaf necrosis and inhibition of shoot and root bud growth, but provision of ammonium-N eliminated these effects.When seedlings were supplied with NH4NO3 at levels that ranged from 5.25 to 420 ppm N, shoot dry weight and root bud growth increased up to 210 ppm but decreased at 420 ppm, probably as a result of ammonium toxicity. By clearing roots with lactic acid it was shown that while growth of the root buds increased with the N level, the number of buds initiated was significantly reduced. When plants were grown initially at a low N level, a subsequent increase in the N supply permitted the root buds to escape from inhibition and develop as leafy shoots. This response suggested that under the experimental conditions, bud inhibition was due to internal competition for a limiting N supply.

Effect of Soil-Applied Chlorsulfuron on Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root and Root Bud Growth

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Chlorsulfuron [2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide], applied at 9 to 560 g ai/ha to the soil surface, stopped shoot elongation of well established Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. #4CIRAR] plants in the greenhouse. Root fresh weight decreased progressively as chlorsulfuron rate was increased when measured 1 month after treatment. In contrast, the number of visible root buds plus secondary shoots increased 1.9- to 2.3-fold between 9 and 67 g/ha chlorsulfuron 1 month after soil surface treatment. Despite more numerous root buds, the number of secondary shoots arising from adventitious root buds progressively decreased as chlorsulfuron rate was raised. Increases in the number of visible root buds were observed first between 3 and 4 weeks following soil application with 67 g/ha of chlorsulfuron, 2 weeks after shoot growth stopped.

Seasonal Variations in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Root Bud Growth and Root Carbohydrate Reserves

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray S. McAllister ◽  
Lloyd C. Haderlie
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Light ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Carbohydrate Reserves ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Root Buds

Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. # CIRAR] root samples were collected at monthly intervals over a 2-yr period from two locations to determine seasonal fluctuations in the presence and growth potential of root buds. Root bud growth was highest during late fall and winter months following death of the aerial shoots. Root fragments incubated at a constant 15 C for 2 weeks in continuous light consistently had more buds than nonincubated roots, which indicated active bud differentiation during the incubation period. Incubated roots produced 3 to 9 cm of new shoot length/cm root length. There were no obvious seasonal patterns in the presence of root buds or their ability to elongate at different times of the year. Carbohydrate reserves were stored preferentially in roots rather than in developing root buds or the bases of shoots. These reserves ranged from as low as 3% of root fresh weight during spring months to as high as 26% in late fall months, although the levels did not increase consistently during summer months over the locations and years of this study.

scholarly journals Nitrogen nutrition of rice plants measured by growth and nutrient content in pot experiments. 3. Changes during growth.

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
W. Dijkshoorn ◽  
M. Ismunadji
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Available N ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
N Supply ◽  
N Source ◽  
Ammonium Nutrition

Young rice plants cv. IR-5 in flooded sand culture grew better with ammonium than with nitrate as N source; yield differences were initiated by a higher rate of tillering and leaf expansion with ammonium nutrition during the first stage of exponential growth. When complete foliage cover had been obtained and further DM increases were linearly related to growth duration, nitrate was less readily assimilated than ammonium, but growth rate was the same for both forms of N because it was controlled mainly by environment and nutrient supply rather than by leaf area, form of available N or concentration of N in the tissues. Restoration of N supply to an N-depleted culture of well-developed plants showed that ammonium produced an earlier renewal of growth; plants yielded more on a given date than with nitrate although they eventually regained the same rate of linear growth. Plants given nitrate contained more carboxylates than those given ammonium, irrespective of plant age or temporary N shortage. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

The correlative inhibition of bud and shoot growth in flax (Linum usitatissimum). Some factors affecting the pattern and degree of inhibition

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 390-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon I. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Correlative Inhibition

When flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seedlings were grown in sand culture under controlled conditions, growth of the lateral buds and their release from apical dominance showed a positive correlation with the N supply. The response of the buds was related to their position on the shoot and a well-defined gradient of bud growth potential was apparent at all N levels. Removal of the basal buds, which have the highest growth potential, induced the outgrowth of buds at higher nodes and increased the growth of the main shoot apex. Similar effects were produced by increasing the N supply to the intact plant.Providing N only as nitrate inhibited apical growth and caused severe leaf necrosis. These effects were due to zinc deficiency and could be prevented or significantly reduced not only by increasing the zinc supply but also by reducing the N level, providing some NH4-N, reducing the light intensity, or increasing the depth of planting. They could also be prevented by removal of the lateral buds at the basal nodes, thus indicating that the shoot apex and lateral buds may compete for the limited zinc supply. The obviously complex relationship between zinc and nitrogen nutrition in this species requires further investigation.

Growth and Development of the Wheat Tiller. II. The Dynamics of Tiller Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 745 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Williams ◽  
RHM Langer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Vascular Differentiation ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
Time Relation ◽  
Tiller Bud

From an analysis of the length-time relation for tiller growth in wheat it was concluded that tillers which emerged traced a discontinuous curve, and that the discontinuity marked a critical event in tiller growth. Tiller buds which did not emerge as tillers continued to grow even more slowly, at least until anthesis of the primary shoot. The critical event was identified as that of escape from the cavity in which the bud was tightly contained throughout early development. The timing of vascular differentiation in tiller buds was shown to be size-dependent and there was no evidence for any correlation with the critical event of escape. A strong negative correlation between the lengths of the 3rd tiller buds and their subtending internodes was established, and the presence or absence of the 4th tiller bud was also correlated with its internode length. Current hypotheses relating to apical dominance are reviewed, and it is suggested that the dynamic physical constraints implicit in tiller bud growth add a further complication. It was concluded that hormonal, nutritional and constraint mechanisms need to be integrated as partial mechanisms which interacted at the interfaces between successive levels within apical systems.

Absorption, Translocation, and Foliar Activity of Clopyralid and Chlorsulfuron in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) and Perennial Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Devine ◽  
William H. Vanden Born
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Similar Treatment ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Root Buds

Both14C-clopyralid (3,6-dichloropicolinic acid) and14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzensulfonamide} were readily absorbed by Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop. ♯ CIRAR] leaves, with 99 and 75%, respectively, of the applied doses absorbed 144 h after application. Absorbed14C-clopyralid was rapidly exported from the treated leaves, whereas14C-chlorsulfuron was translocated much more slowly. After 144 h, 29% of the applied14C-clopyralid and 5% of the applied14C-chlorsulfuron were recovered in the roots and developing root buds of Canada thistle plants. Smaller amounts of the two herbicides were absorbed and translocated in perennial sowthistle (Sonchus arvensisL. ♯ SONAR) than in Canada thistle. More14C-clopyralid than14C-chlorsulfuron was absorbed and translocated out of treated leaves of perennial sowthistle, but equal amounts, 3 to 4% of the applied doses, were recovered in the roots and root buds 144 h after application. Foliar applications of clopyralid, followed by removal of the treated shoot 24, 72, or 144 h after application, markedly reduced shoot regrowth in both Canada thistle and perennial sowthistle. Similar treatment with chlorsulfuron did not prevent shoot regrowth in either species.

Effect of tiller age and time of nitrogen stress on seed production of Paspalum plicatulum

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Chadhokar ◽  
L. R. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Final Maturation

SummaryPaspalum plicatulum was grown at Brisbane in boxes of sand receiving basal nutrients and frequent irrigation; weekly levels of ammonium nitrate application were varied according to growth and development stage.The rate of tiller appearance increased to a maximum 40–50 days after sowing and almost ceased thereafter. Tiller leaf number, survival, fertility, inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were positively related to tiller age. Young tillers were more sensitive to variations in nitrogen supply than old tillers.Adequate nitrogen nutrition during the vegetative phase from sowing to floral initiation (93 days) increased tiller and hence inflorescence density; increased inflorescence branching was compensated by fewer seeds per raceme. Good nitrogen nutrition during the phase from floral initiation to inflorescence exsertion (142 days) increased survival of late-formed tillers and hence inflorescence density; inflorescence branching, seeds per raceme and seed size were also increased. Nitrogen stress during the final maturation phase did not affect seed yield.

scholarly journals Impact of perennial ryegrass seeding densities on weed emergence growth and development

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
S.S. Seefeldt ◽  
M.L. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Seeding Density ◽  
Senecio Jacobaea ◽  
Carduus Nutans ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Californian Thistle ◽  
Weed Emergence

Research was conducted to determine the effect of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sowing density on weed growth and development In glasshouse and field experiments perennial ryegrass was sown at rates of 0 5 10 20 40 and 80 kg/ha with 5 kg/ha of white clover (Trifolium repens) With increasing seeding density perennial ryegrass enhanced its competitiveness against all five of the weeds studied viz nodding thistle (Carduus nutans) Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) Scotch thistle (Cirsium vulgare) ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) and hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) In both trials increases in the perennial ryegrass seeding density did not reduce weed emergence However as perennial ryegrass density increased weed biomass decreased and time to flowering increased

Fall-Applied Glyphosate for Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) Control in Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Carlson ◽  
William W. Donald
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Shoot Density ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Fall Application ◽  
Root Buds

Effects of repeated late-fall applications of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate at 1.7 kg ae/ha plus 0.5% (v/v) surfactant on adventitious root buds, thickened propagative roots (> 1.3 mm diam), and shoot density of Canada thistle were studied in continuous hard red spring wheat over a 4-yr period. Glyphosate suppressed Canada thistle shoot density more quickly and to a greater extent than thickened root fresh weight or root bud number. A single fall application of glyphosate drastically decreased Canada thistle shoot density for 1 yr after treatment. However, shoot density was the same as the untreated control by 2 yr after a single fall treatment. Two consecutive late-fall applications of glyphosate in 2 yr decreased Canada thistle shoot density 94% in the fall 1 yr after the last treatment. Glyphosate reduced Canada thistle thickened root fresh weight 70% in the first fall 1 yr after a single fall treatment. However, 2 yr after a single fall application of glyphosate, root fresh weight equalled the controls. Two consecutive fall applications of glyphosate reduced thickened root fresh weight 77% 1 yr after the second treatment.

Influence of prey diet quality on predator-induced traits in wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Catherine Chuirazzi ◽  
Melissa Ocampo ◽  
Mizuki K. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Wood Frog ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lithobates Sylvaticus ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Intestinal Length ◽  
Frog Tadpoles

Abstract Diet quality and predation are two critical factors in determining the growth and development of organisms. Various anurans are susceptible to phenotypic changes influenced by these factors. Yet, few studies examined prey diet quality as potential influence over predator-induced traits. Using wood frog tadpoles (Lithobates sylvaticus) as a model species, we investigated the effects of three diet compositions (plant-based, animal-based, omnivorous) crossed with presence or absence of chemical cues from predatory dragonfly larvae (Aeshnidae). After 35 days, we recorded 11 morphological measurements, Gosner stage, and intestinal length of tadpoles to assess phenotypic changes under the six different experimental conditions. Our results showed the additive effects of both diet quality and predator chemical cue without detection of interactions between the two. Tadpoles receiving the omnivorous diet grew and developed faster with wider denticle rows than those receiving the plant or animal diets. The growth and development of tadpoles receiving only the animal diet were significantly hindered. These results emphasize the importance of diet quality in the growth and development of larval wood frogs. Chemical cues from predators significantly reduced tadpole body size but, in contrast to previous findings, did not affect tail size. Our experimental procedure of providing water containing predator and injured conspecific chemical cues on a weekly basis likely provided relatively weak predation risk perceived by tadpoles compared to previous studies using caged predators. The predator environment in our experiment, however, represents one ecologically relevant scenario in which predation risk is not urgent.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document