Day-length influence on reproductive development and tillering in ‘Fergus’ barley

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (23) ◽  
pp. 2770-2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Fairey ◽  
L. A. Hunt ◽  
N. C. Stoskopf
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Initial Formation ◽  
Double Ridge

Effects of variation in day length on spikelet and tiller development were studied in a two-rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cultivar ‘Fergus.’ Spikelet number and the length of the spikelet-forming phase increased with progressive reductions in day length from 24 to 12 h. However, increases in spikelet number were offset by abortion of spikelet primordia during spikelet differentiation and elongation of the stem internodes. Floral initiation occurred at all day lengths, but intemode elongation and heading were markedly delayed at 12 h. The cessation of spikelet initial formation and the beginning of internode elongation did not occur simultaneously in any day length. The latter began just before or at double ridge formation.Tiller numbers were highest at 12 h and progressively decreased in longer day lengths. Each plant produced four primary tillers at all day lengths, and differences in tiller number were accounted for by secondary and tertiary tiller production.

An upper limit for spikelet number per ear in wheat as controlled by photoperiod

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Concurrent Development ◽  
Double Ridge

In seven diverse wheat cultivars, spikelet number per main ear as influenced by day length was approaching a maximum at 30. Differences in final spikelet number between treatments and cultivars arose from differences in double ridge number at floral initiation (range from 3 to 12), in the rate of production of spikelet primordia (from 0.60 to 1.78 spikelets per day), and in the duration of production. In cultivars with a high final spikelet number, fertility towards the tip of the ear was linked with the establishment of many spikelet primordia before the appearance of glume initials and with the concurrent development of spikelets. Development of the ear of Triticale was also sensitive to day length, with the formation of up to 50 spikelets under an 8 hr photoperiod. The large number of spikelets was achieved by long duration and high rates of production, which were in excess of those for wheat under corresponding photoperiods. Suggestions are made regarding the production of more spikelets per ear in wheat.

scholarly journals Expression analysis of vernalization and day-length response genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) indicates that VRNH2 is a repressor of PPDH2 (HvFT3) under long days

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1939-1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cristina Casao ◽  
Ernesto Igartua ◽  
Ildiko Karsai ◽  
José Manuel Lasa ◽  
M. Pilar Gracia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

Effects of temperature on spikelet number of wheat

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Halse ◽  
RN Weir
Keyword(s):  
Day Length ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Short Days

The number of spikelets on the primary inflorescence of wheat was shown to vary with temperature per se in addition to any vernalization effects. Temperature affected spikelet number principally by influencing the rate and duration of appearance of primordia after floral initiation. However, in the absence of seed vernalization in cultivars responsive to vernalization, temperature also affected the number of spikelets arising from primordia already present on the apex at initiation. Maximum spikelet number resulted from intermediate temperatures which varied in 13.5-hr photoperiods from 10/5°C for Sunset to 22/17° for Mexico 120. There was an interaction with day length: most cultivars reached maximum spikelet number at lower temperatures in short days than in longer days. When the total amount of illumination was increased by providing a longer period of fluorescent light, spikelet number was increased with little interaction with other factors. The rate of appearance of primordia on the primary apex increased at the time of floral initiation.

Effects of vernalization, photoperiod, and temperature on phenological development and spikelet number of Australian wheat

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
NJ Halse ◽  
RN Weir
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Short Days

Sixteen Australian wheat cultivars grown in controlled environment cabinets demonstrated a range of responses to seed vernalization varying from little or no promotion of floral initiation in Darkan, Kondut, Falcon, and Sunset to about 3 weeks in Festiguay, Claymore, and Mexico 120. Under short days (10 hr photoperiod v. 14 hr) or cold temperatures (12/7�C day/night v. 18/13�) the response to seed vernalization was reduced. None of the cultivars responsive to vernalization achieved floral initiation earlier under cold temperatures than under warm temperatures, even in the absence of seed vernalization. All cultivars achieved floral initiation earlier in long days but the magnitude of the response varied considerably among them. Long days similarly accelerated development from initiation to anthesis. Higher temperatures accelerated development to initiation and anthesis in all cultivars, with only minor differences in magnitude of response. Selected treatments in the cabinets gave rates of development to initiation which closely paralleled results for the same cultivars in field experiments. The number of spikelets per head varied considerably with cultivar, day length, and vernalization treatment. Within the range of conditions of the experiments, temperature did not affect spikelet number other than through vernalization. At either temperature, the spikelet number was closely and positively related to the number of days to floral initiation.

Constant and Interchanged Photoperiod Effects on the Rate of Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Kernich ◽  
GM Halloran ◽  
RG Flood
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Development Phases ◽  
Reciprocal Transfer

Indirect and direct influences of changes in photoperiod on the rate of development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were examined using three Australian cultivars, Clipper, Galleon and Finlay. Each possessed little or no vernalisation response, and were grown at a constant temperature of 18�C with two treatments, one of each of two constant photoperiod regimes (10 and 18 h) while other treatments involved reciprocal transfer between them at either or both the double ridge (DR) and awn primordium (AP) stages of development. Under constant 18 h photoperiod, the lengths of all three development phases were shorter compared to the constant 10 h regime for Galleon and Clipper, while Finlay was relatively insensitive. The final number of leaves on the main culm was reduced by the constant 18 h photoperiod in Clipper and Galleon but Finlay was unaffected. The rate of development from DR to AP under 10 h photoperiod was increased by exposure to 18 h photoperiod from sowing (S) to DR, compared with plants exposed to 10 h photoperiod from S to DR. A similar response was noted for plants transferred at the AP stage, indicating that rate of development was determined both by its influence on prior as well as current photoperiod conditions. This 'memorised' response appears to be interactive, rather than additive, with the response of the plant to the current photoperiod. Direct and indirect effects of photoperiod on leaf and spikelet number, acting through their influences on the duration from S to DR and from DR to AP, were also discussed.

Growth and reproductive development of alfalfa as influenced by 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Phillips ◽  
D. O. Chilcote
Keyword(s):  
Branch Length ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Leaf Axil ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Triiodobenzoic Acid ◽  
Total Branch Length ◽  
Alfalfa Leaf ◽  
Primary Stem ◽  
Axillary Branches

The plant regulator 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) at concentrations of 0, 10,50, 100, or200 ppm(0, 2 × 10−5, 1 × 10−4, 2 × 10−4,or4 × 10−4 M, respectively) was applied to leaves of alfalfa grown at 14-h day length, 12 000 μW cm−2, 20 °C day–16 °C night. The number of racemes per primary stem and on axillary branches was recorded daily for 34 days after TIBA application. Length of primary stems and branches and number of nodes and branches were determined 34 days after TIBA application.TIBA did not affect number of nodes or branches per primary stem, but at a concentration of 10 ppm it promoted the elongation of both primary stems and axillary branches and also raceme formation on both stems and branches. This resulted in a fivefold increase in total branch length per primary stem and a highly significant increase in total raceme production. These results may explain in part reported effects of TIBA on seed production of alfalfa and are also consistent with reported effects of TIBA on flowering and axillary bud development in several other legumes.The observation that two structures (branches and (or) racemes) may typically arise from an alfalfa leaf axil may be useful in understanding the phenomena of branching and floral initiation in this crop.

scholarly journals Natural Genetic Variation Underlying Tiller Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1197-1212
Author(s):  
Allison M. Haaning ◽  
Kevin P. Smith ◽  
Gina L. Brown-Guedira ◽  
Shiaoman Chao ◽  
Priyanka Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Developmental Rate ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Natural Genetic Variation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Days To Heading

In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), lateral branches called tillers contribute to grain yield and define shoot architecture, but genetic control of tiller number and developmental rate are not well characterized. The primary objectives of this work were to examine relationships between tiller number and other agronomic and morphological traits and identify natural genetic variation associated with tiller number and rate, and related traits. We grew 768 lines from the USDA National Small Grain Collection in the field and collected data over two years for tiller number and rate, and agronomic and morphological traits. Our results confirmed that spike row-type and days to heading are correlated with tiller number, and as much as 28% of tiller number variance was associated with these traits. In addition, negative correlations between tiller number and leaf width and stem diameter were observed, indicating trade-offs between tiller development and other vegetative growth. Thirty-three quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with tiller number or rate. Of these, 40% overlapped QTL associated with days to heading and 22% overlapped QTL associated with spike row-type, further supporting that tiller development is associated with these traits. Some QTL associated with tiller number or rate, including the major QTL on chromosome 3H, were not associated with other traits, suggesting that some QTL may be directly related to rate of tiller development or axillary bud number. These results enhance our knowledge of the genetic control of tiller development in barley, which is important for optimizing tiller number and rate for yield improvement.

Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
R.H.M. Cross ◽  
C.E.J. Botha ◽  
A.K. Cowan ◽  
B.J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

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