Ultrastructure of sterigma growth and basidiospore formation in Coprinus and Boletus

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Tip Growth ◽  
Coprinus Cinereus ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vesicles

In basidia of Coprinus cinereus and Boletus rubinellus at early interphase II of meiosis numerous microtubules are oriented longitudinally in the sterigmata. Their orientation in the rest of the cell is predominantly parallel to the long axis. In Coprinus cinereus cytoplasmic vesicles, apparently derived from Golgi cisternae, are involved in tip growth of the sterigmata and basidiospore growth. Additional information is provided on the Golgi apparatus in the basidium, and the role of microtubules and microbodies is discussed.

Site of Lysosome Production During Hepatic Injury

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Nalin J. Unakar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Mouse Liver ◽  
Hepatic Injury ◽  
Close Approximation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Toxic Injury

The increased number of lysosomes as well as the close approximation of lysosomes to the Golgi apparatus in tissue under variety of experimental conditions is commonly observed. These observations suggest Golgi involvement in lysosomal production. The role of the Golgi apparatus in the production of lysosomes in mouse liver was studied by electron microscopy of liver following toxic injury by CCI4.

Los estereotipos sociales a través del filtro de la traducción

Babel ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-233
Author(s):  
Gemma Andújar Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
Points Of View

Cultural referents not only designate specific realities of a given culture which do not always exist in another but they are also semantic elements which trigger social representations. By conveying values and points of view about different social groups, cultural referents become linguistic instruments to build stereotypes. These thought patterns are shared by the members of a social or cultural community and act as a filter of reality. The aim of this paper is to study the role of cultural referents in the construction of social stereotypes, focusing on the socio-cognitive universe they evoke. To this end, we have analyzed the translations techniques applied in the Spanish, Catalan and English versions of a novel which has been very successful on the French literary scene: Muriel Barbery’s L’Élégance du hérisson (2006). As show the results of this textual comparison, the explanations, descriptions and additional information observed in target texts do not trigger the same associations as cultural referents do in the source text. Translational approaches are too limited when it comes to achieve linguistic adequacy to different world visions. Therefore, translation must be conceived as an encounter between two cultural systems, in which the translator must build bridges, not so much between two linguistic systems as between the social perceptions and values of two different cultural communities.

scholarly journals The Role of Averaging for Improving Sea Surface Salinity Retrieval from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Satellite and Impact of Auxiliary Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Philipps ◽  
Christine Boone ◽  
Estelle Obligis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Salinity ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Auxiliary Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Ocean Salinity

Abstract Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) was chosen as the European Space Agency’s second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. One of the objectives is to retrieve sea surface salinity (SSS) from measured brightness temperatures (TBs) at L band with a precision of 0.2 practical salinity units (psu) with averages taken over 200 km by 200 km areas and 10 days [as suggested in the requirements of the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE)]. The retrieval is performed here by an inverse model and additional information of auxiliary SSS, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed (W). A sensitivity study is done to observe the influence of the TBs and auxiliary data on the SSS retrieval. The key role of TB and W accuracy on SSS retrieval is verified. Retrieval is then done over the Atlantic for two cases. In case A, auxiliary data are simulated from two model outputs by adding white noise. The more realistic case B uses independent databases for reference and auxiliary ocean parameters. For these cases, the RMS error of retrieved SSS on pixel scale is around 1 psu (1.2 for case B). Averaging over GODAE scales reduces the SSS error by a factor of 12 (4 for case B). The weaker error reduction in case B is most likely due to the correlation of errors in auxiliary data. This study shows that SSS retrieval will be very sensitive to errors on auxiliary data. Specific efforts should be devoted to improving the quality of auxiliary data.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Mutants Lacking the Golgi UDP-Galactose or GDP-Mannose Transporters Establish that Phosphoglycans Are Important for Promastigote but Not Amastigote Virulence in Leishmania major

2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 4629-4637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Althea A. Capul ◽  
Suzanne Hickerson ◽  
Tamara Barron ◽  
Salvatore J. Turco ◽  
Stephen M. Beverley
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Macrophage Infection ◽  
Nucleotide Sugar ◽  
Infectious Cycle ◽  
Null Mutants

ABSTRACT Abundant surface Leishmania phosphoglycans (PGs) containing [Gal(β1,4)Man(α1-PO4)]-derived repeating units are important at several points in the infectious cycle of this protozoan parasite. PG synthesis requires transport of activated nucleotide-sugar precursors from the cytoplasm to the Golgi apparatus. Correspondingly, null mutants of the L. major GDP-mannose transporter LPG2 lack PGs and are severely compromised in macrophage survival and induction of acute pathology in susceptible mice, yet they are able to persist indefinitely and induce protective immunity. However, lpg2 − L. mexicana amastigotes similarly lacking PGs but otherwise normal in known glycoconjugates remain able to induce acute pathology. To explore this further, we tested the infectivity of a new PG-null L. major mutant, which is inactivated in the two UDP-galactose transporter genes LPG5A and LPG5B. Surprisingly this mutant did not recapitulate the phenotype of L. major lpg2 −, instead resembling the L. major lipophosphoglycan-deficient lpg1 − mutant. Metacyclic lpg5A −/lpg5B − promastigotes showed strong defects in the initial steps of macrophage infection and survival. However, after a modest delay, the lpg5A − /lpg5B − mutant induced lesion pathology in infected mice, which thereafter progressed normally. Amastigotes recovered from these lesions were fully infective in mice and in macrophages despite the continued absence of PGs. This suggests that another LPG2-dependent metabolite is responsible for the L. major amastigote virulence defect, although further studies ruled out cytoplasmic mannans. These data thus resolve the distinct phenotypes seen among lpg2 − Leishmania species by emphasizing the role of glycoconjugates other than PGs in amastigote virulence, while providing further support for the role of PGs in metacyclic promastigote virulence.

The role of the cytoskeleton in the movement and positioning of nuclei in Coprinus cinereus

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Kamada ◽  
Shigeru Tanabe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Coprinus Cinereus ◽  
Nuclear Movement ◽  
Nuclear Positioning ◽  
Mitotic Apparatus ◽  
Tubulin Mutations ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
Hyphal Apex

Coprinus cinereus exhibits conspicuous nuclear movement and precise nuclear positioning during its life cycle. Examples include transhyphal migration of nuclei in compatible mating giving rise to a dikaryon, nuclear positioning relative to the hyphal apex in the dikaryon, the close spacing in interphase and conjugate division of the two nuclei in the dikaryon, and the migration of nuclei from the basidium into developing spores. We have investigated the roles of the cytoskeleton in these processes using cytoskeleton mutants as well as fluorescence microscopy. Some of the α1- and β1-tubulin mutations examined blocked nuclear migration in dikaryosis and disturbed nuclear pairing in the dikaryon, demonstrating that microtubules are involved in these processes. The same mutations, however, did not affect the positioning of nuclei in interphase nor in conjugate division in the dikaryon, nor the migration of nuclei into the developing spores. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that these mutations inhibit the formation of asters of the mitotic apparatus in conjugate division, providing evidence against direct involvement of astral microtubules in nuclear movement during conjugate division. Actin was concentrated in hyphal regions where the nuclei sit in early phases of conjugate division, suggesting the involvement of actin in conjugate division. Key words: Coprinus cinereus, dikaryon, nuclear movement, microtubules, aster, actin.

The role of the membrane-spanning domain and stalk region of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I in retention, kin recognition and structural maintenance of the Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells

1996 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1975-1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nilsson ◽  
C. Rabouille ◽  
N. Hui ◽  
R. Watson ◽  
G. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Golgi Stack ◽  
Stable Cell Lines ◽  
Membrane Spanning ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Using a series of chimeric and truncated N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (NAGT I) molecules we have shown that part of the lumenal stalk region is both necessary and sufficient for kin recognition of mannosidase II and retention in the Golgi stack. The membrane-spanning domain was not required for retention, but replacing part or all of this domain with leucine residues did have a dramatic effect on Golgi morphology. In stable cell lines, stacked cisternae were replaced by tubulo-vesicular clusters containing the mutated NAGT I. The loss of stacked cisternae was proportional to the number of leucines used to replace the membrane-spanning domain.

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