Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. III. Grafting of sporangiophore segments, weight changes, and protoplasmic streaming in relation to regeneration

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Tamotsu Ootaki
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Protoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Anterior Segments ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Reversed Order ◽  
Posterior Position

Decapitated 5-mm segments from stage 1 sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus had similar regeneration capacity and polarity under room as under constant conditions. Regeneration on segments with whole apices was more frequent under room conditions despite resumption of apical elongation, but was only about half as frequent as on decapitated apical segments. Regeneration at incisions in the middle of stage 1 sporangiophores was rare unless cross walls formed at the incision. Sporangiophore halves and pairs of 5-mm segments were grafted successfully and cultured for 24 h. The protoplasts fused and a new wall rejoined the cut ends. Regeneration was rare on grafted sporangiophore halves. On grafts of decapitated, oppositely oriented segments regeneration was almost 100% and occurred mainly at the apical ends alone whether these were fused or free. On grafts of decapitated, normally oriented segments in normal or reversed order almost all anterior segments regenerated apically (as did the controls), but only half or fewer of the same segments in posterior position regenerated. Multiple regeneration and attainment of stage 4 were more frequent on anterior segments. Regeneration was less than 50% on grafts between segments with whole apices and basal segments, and on the latter was much less than on isolated controls.Movement of cytoplasm detectable by dry weight changes only occurred towards the regenerating end of segments after initiation of sporangiophores. The velocity of bidirectional protoplasmic streaming in segments increased during regeneration and was highest towards the basal non-regenerating end.The results of grafting do not support the hypothesis that an inhibitor from the apex normally suppresses regeneration (branching), but both suppression and induction of regeneration can be explained by a mechanism based on acropetal transport.

Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. II. Regeneration on isolated segments from different positions along the sporangiophore axis

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ootaki ◽  
Hans E. Gruen
Keyword(s):  
Wound Closure ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Regeneration Frequency ◽  
Middle Stage ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Plain Agar

Apical, middle, and basal 5-mm segments from decapitated Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores cultured on plain agar blocks regenerated sporangiophores after wound closure. Hyphae formed very rarely. Maximum regeneration frequency decreased between apex and base from 100% to close to 70% in stages 1 and 3, and from 80% to 23% in stage 4. The regeneration speed declined along the axis. The frequency of two or more initials per segment decreased basipetally in stages 1 and 3, but not in stage 4. Most segments formed sporangiophores at the apical end but regeneration from the basal end alone increased towards the base in stages 1 and 3, and was found on up to 30% of the stage 4 segments without gradient along the axis. A few segments regenerated at both ends at all positions. Initials emerged laterally at the apical end of most top segments and from the wound closure wall on almost all others. The diameter of single sporangiophores on apical segments was larger and their maximum stage 1 length shorter than on the rest. Both were less on stage 4 than on 1 and 3. The final length on either stage 1 or 4 was the same at all positions but the former was more than twice as great as the latter. One-millimeter stage 1 segments regenerated very thin sporangiophores but polarity was much weaker than in 5-mm pieces.Almost 90% of stage 1 segments with whole apices and open basal ends continued growth without branching. Most of those which stopped regenerated near the tip. Stage 3 and 4 segments tied off basally continued growth without regenerating above the tie, but if the end was open the sporangia stuck to the agar because of turgor loss, elongation stopped, and regeneration occurred close to the sporangia at slower speed than on decapitated apical segments.Cytoplasmic extrusion and formation of exudation drops were studied, wound closure was followed on middle stage 1 segments, and preliminary observations were made on movement of cell contents during regeneration.

Regeneration on Phycomyces sporangiophores. I. Induction by decapitation and basal cutting on sporangiophores attached to mycelium and after isolation

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Gruen ◽  
Tamotsu Ootaki
Keyword(s):  
Wound Closure ◽  
Cross Wall ◽  
Phycomyces Blakesleeanus ◽  
Wall Regeneration ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Plain Agar

Phycomyces blakesleeanus sporangiophores attached to mycelium and isolated sporangiophores cultured on plain agar blocks were decapitated at 1–2 mm below the apex (stage 1) or the top of the sporangium (stages 3, 4). One or more sporangiophore initials regenerated at or very near the wound closure after formation of a cross wall. They emerged only from the side on 82–85% of all parents and on most of the rest from the wound closure wall. Lateral initials frequently perforated the original wall. Regeneration on isolated and attached sporangiophores reached 100% at 12 h on stage 1 and 18 h on stage 3, but only 80% after 24 h on stage 4. The frequency of two or more initials per parent decreased from stage 1 to 4 and was greater on attached than on isolated specimens. Fewer than half of all parents with two initials showed maturation of both. Single sporangiophores elongating on isolated stage 1 parents had a larger diameter, greater stage 1 length, and 66% greater final length than on stage 4. Stage 1 was always very short (average maximum, 5.1 mm). Sporangium formation and maturation were most synchronized after regeneration on stage 1 and least on stage 4.Sporangiophores cut at 5 mm above the base regenerated less frequently than after decapitation and the decrease was larger in stage 4 than in stage 1. Hyphae and sporangiophores regenerated alone or together, but hyphae were most common on attached stage 1 stumps. Regeneration was always from the wound closure wall, and two or more sporangiophore initials per parent were less frequent on stumps than near the apex.Observations on outflowing of drops of cell contents and on wound closure are discussed in relation to regeneration.

scholarly journals A macroscopic classification of the embryonic development of the one-sided livebearer Jenynsia multidentata (Teleostei: Anablepidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalia C. López-Rodríguez ◽  
Cíntia M. de Barros ◽  
Ana Cristina Petry
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Macroscopic Classification ◽  
Body Pigmentation ◽  
The One ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Jenynsia Multidentata

ABSTRACT This study proposes eight stages according to the main discernible changes recorded throughout the embryonic development of Jenynsia multidentata. The development of morphological embryo structures, pigmentation, and changes in tissues connecting mother and embryo were included in the stage characterization. From the fertilized egg (Stage 1), an embryo reaches the intermediary stages when presenting yolk syncytial layer (Stage 2), initial pigmentation of the outer layers of the retina and dorsal region of the head (Stage 3), and the sprouting of the caudal (Stage 4), dorsal and anal fins (Stage 5). During the later stages, the ovarian folds enter the gills, and the body pigmentation becomes more intense (Stage 6), the body becomes elongated (Stage 7), and there is a greater intensity in body pigmentation and increased muscle mass (Stage 8). The dry weight of the batches varied between 0.6 ± 0.3 mg (Stage 3) to 54.6 ± 19.7 mg (Stage 8), but the dry weight of the maternal-embryonic connecting tissues remained almost constant. After controlling the effect of those reproductive tissues, the gain in dry weight of the batches throughout development increased exponentially from Stage 6, reflecting the increase in size and weight of the embryos due to matrotrophy.

Alterations in the number of motoneurons containing immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP)& choline acetyltransferase(ChAT) in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse during the development of the motoneuron disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 970-971
Author(s):  
L. Vacca-Galloway ◽  
Y.Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Bose ◽  
S.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Wild Type Mouse ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Wobbler Mouse ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

The Wobbler mouse (wr) has been studied as a model for inherited human motoneuron diseases (MNDs). Using behavioral tests for forelimb power, walking, climbing, and the “clasp-like reflex” response, the progress of the MND can be categorized into early (Stage 1, age 21 days) and late (Stage 4, age 3 months) stages. Age-and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates (NFR/wr) were used as controls (Stage 0), as well as mice from two related wild-type mouse strains: NFR/N and a C57BI/6N. Using behavioral tests, we also detected pre-symptomatic Wobblers at postnatal ages 7 and 14 days. The mice were anesthetized and perfusion-fixed for immunocytochemical (ICC) of CGRP and ChAT in the spinal cord (C3 to C5).Using computerized morphomety (Vidas, Zeiss), the numbers of IR-CGRP labelled motoneurons were significantly lower in 14 day old Wobbler specimens compared with the controls (Fig. 1). The same trend was observed at 21 days (Stage 1) and 3 months (Stage 4). The IR-CGRP-containing motoneurons in the Wobbler specimens declined progressively with age.

PHYTOTOXICITY OF WASTEWATER CONTAINING CADMIUM (Cd) USING OLEANDER

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1231-1238
Author(s):  
Zeki & Ridha
Keyword(s):  
Translocation Factor ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Test Duration ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Simulated Wastewater ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Plant Shoots

This study was aimed to investigate the ability of N.oleander to remove Cadmium (Cd) from wastewater. A prolonged toxicity test was performed in a single exposure and run for 65 days with various concentrations of Cd. Plants were grown in sand medium and irrigated with simulated wastewater contaminated with Cd, using different concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50, 75 mg/L), which were chosen based on previous preliminary test. The results of physical observation of the plants didn’t show any withering symptoms. The Cd concentration in plants increased, while in water decreased. The results of plant analysis showed that Cd concentration in plant shoots (stems and leaves) was higher than that in roots for almost all exposure doses along the test duration. The concentration of Cd in water decreased significantly from the first week of the test and become (0 mg/l) on day-35 for 10 and 25 mg/l exposure doses, while exceeded the permissible limits for 50 and 75 mg/l exposure doses and were 0.14 and 0.91 mg/l, respectively. Wet weight and dry weight of Oleander decreased with increasing Cd concentration level except for 10 mg/l exposure dose where the plant wet weight and dry weight increased at the end of the test. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) and Translocation Factor (TF) was found to be greater than 1, indicating that Oleander is a successful hyperaccumulator for Cd.

Novel staging classification of primary mitral regurgitation based on the presence of cardiac damage

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L Van Wijngaarden ◽  
Y.L Hiemstra ◽  
P Van Der Bijl ◽  
V Delgado ◽  
N Ajmone Marsan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Prognostic Impact ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Primary Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Staging Classification

Abstract Background The indication for surgery in patients with severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) is currently based on the presence of symptoms, left ventricular (LV) dilatation and dysfunction, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of a new staging classification based on cardiac damage including the known risk factors but also including global longitudinal strain (GLS), severe left atrial (LA) dilatation and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Methods In total 614 patients who underwent surgery for severe primary MR with available baseline transthoracic echocardiograms were included. Patients were classified according to the extent of cardiac damage (Figure): Stage 0-no cardiac damage, Stage 1-LV damage, Stage 2-LA damage, Stage 3-pulmonary vasculature or tricuspid valve damage and Stage 4-RV damage. Patients were followed for all-cause mortality. Results Based on the proposed classification, 172 (28%) patients were classified as Stage 0, 102 (17%) as Stage 1, 134 (21%) as Stage 2, 135 (22%) as Stage 3 and 71 (11%) as Stage 4. The more advanced the stage, the older the patients were with worse kidney function, more symptoms and higher EuroScore. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed that patients with more advanced stages of cardiac damage had a significantly worse survival (log-rank chi-square 35.2; p<0.001) (Figure). On multivariable analysis, age, male, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney function, and stage of cardiac damage were independently associated with all-cause mortality. For each stage increase, a 22% higher risk for all-cause mortality was observed (95% CI: 1.064–1.395; p=0.004). Conclusion In patients with severe primary MR, a novel staging classification based on the extent of cardiac damage, may help refining risk stratification, particularly including also GLS, LA dilatation and RV dysfunction in the assessment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

A Description of Middle School Male Singers’ Voice Change and Voice Part Assignment

2021 ◽  
pp. 875512332110182
Author(s):  
Ryan Austin Fisher ◽  
Nancy L. Summitt ◽  
Ellen B. Koziel
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Eighth Grade ◽  
Voice Change ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Public Middle School ◽  
Middle School Choir ◽  
Choral Programs ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Voice

The purpose of this study was to describe the voice change and voice part assignment of male middle school choir members. Volunteers ( N = 92) were recruited from three public middle school choral programs (Grades 6-8). Participants were audio-recorded performing simple vocal tasks in order to assess vocal range and asked to share the music they were currently singing in class. Results revealed 23.91% of participants’ voices could be categorized as unchanged, 14.13% as Stage 1, 3.26% as Stage 2, 10.87% as Stage 3, 26.09% as Stage 4, and 21.74% as Stage 5. The majority of sixth-grade participants were classified as unchanged or in Stage 1 of the voice change and the majority of eighth-grade participants were classified in Stages 4 to 5 of the voice change. Of the participants labeled “tenors” in their choir, over 60% were classified as either unchanged voices or in Stage 1 of the voice change.

scholarly journals Temporal changes of quantitative CT findings from 102 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 297-309
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Chen ◽  
Wenbo Sun ◽  
Dan Xu ◽  
Jiaojiao Ma ◽  
Feng Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
Quantitative Ct ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Ct Findings ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Stage 1

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) imaging combined with artificial intelligence is important in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung diseases. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate temporal changes of quantitative CT findings in patients with COVID-19 in three clinic types, including moderate, severe, and non-survivors, and to predict severe cases in the early stage from the results. METHODS: One hundred and two patients with confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study. Based on the time interval between onset of symptoms and the CT scan, four stages were defined in this study: Stage-1 (0 ∼7 days); Stage-2 (8 ∼ 14 days); Stage-3 (15 ∼ 21days); Stage-4 (> 21 days). Eight parameters, the infection volume and percentage of the whole lung in four different Hounsfield (HU) ranges, ((-, -750), [-750, -300), [-300, 50) and [50, +)), were calculated and compared between different groups. RESULTS: The infection volume and percentage of four HU ranges peaked in Stage-2. The highest proportion of HU [-750, 50) was found in the infected regions in non-survivors among three groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate rapid deterioration in the first week since the onset of symptoms in non-survivors. Higher proportion of HU [-750, 50) in the lesion area might be a potential bio-marker for poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19.

Development and application of a simple procedure for toxicity testing using immobilized algae

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad I. Abdel-Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Response Parameter ◽  
Test Alga ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Immobilized Algae

A simple microplate technique was adopted for toxicity assessment of a number of pesticides including six herbicides (Atrazine, Dichloroprop, Glyphosphate, Chlorsulfuron, MCPA, and Simazine), an insecticide (Dimethoate) and a fungicide (Propiconazol). Growth response of free and immobilized cultures of the green chlorococcal algae Selenastrum capricornumtum to different treatments of these pesticides was tested and compared. The biotests were carried out under conditions optimal for the growth of the test alga. Algal growth was exposed in terms of dry weight, and was employed as the toxicity-response parameter. Dose-response curves were used to calculate the toxicity of the tested compounds in terms of EC50. Based on EC50 values, the responses of both immobilized and free cultures were quite similar for almost all the treatments. The technique facilitated the visual detection of the lowest toxic concentration giving no detectable algal growth (EC100). The technique is quite simple, rapid, practical, accurate, and space saving. It suggested that batteries of immobilized algae could replace free cultures in studies of toxicity testing.

scholarly journals P0828CKD STAGE DISTRIBUTION IN AN ITALIAN PROVINCE; SEVEN YEARS OF FOLLOW UP

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Roggeri ◽  
Daniela Paola Roggeri ◽  
Carlotta Rossi ◽  
Marco Gambera ◽  
Rossana Piccinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Discharge ◽  
Administrative Database ◽  
Ca Channel ◽  
Dialysis Treatment ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Background and Aims Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a chronic illness with important implications for the health of the population and for the commitment of resources by public health services. CKD staging makes it possible to assess the severity of the disease and its distribution in the population. The distribution of the stages of CKD diagnosed through hospitalization were analyzed using administrative database of the Local Health Authority of a province with a population of about 1 million inhabitants in northern Italy. Method Patients with hospital discharge with a diagnosis of CKD (ICD9CM 5851, 5852, 5853, 5854) in 2011- 2012 years, without dialysis treatment, neither transplantation procedure nor acute renal failure were selected. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, dialysis treatment, drugs prescription and nephrological follow-up were investigated. This cohort of patients was examined over a 7-year period (2011-2017). Stage five was not considered to avoid possible misunderstanding with five D stage. Results 1808 patients diagnosed with CKD were extracted from the 2011-2017 administrative database; of these, 1267 had a diagnosis with the CKD stage specification. The distribution of 1267 patients in the CKD stages at the first hospital discharge was as follows: 7.4% stage 1, 30.9% stage 2, 42.3% stage 3, 19.3% stage 4. The 832 patients described in the study were still alive as of Jan. 1, 2013 while 435 (34.3%) died by Dec. 31, 2012. Until Dec. 31, 2017, 503 of the 832 patients died representing the 52.8% of stage 1 patients, 62% of stage 2 patients, 58.2% of stage 3 patients, 66.4% of stage 4 patients. Males were the most prevalent gender (58.5%), without any significant difference into CKD stages. Our patients have a fairly high age as can be seen from the table 1. The presence of co-morbidities was assessed either directly for the main risk factors or by the modified Charlson index (MCI) for CKD patients. The average value of the MCI is 3.8 ± 3.1 for all patients and 3.4 ±3.0 for stage 1, 4.1 ± 3.3 for stage 2, 3.7 ± 3.1 for stage 3, 3.7 ± 2.9 for stage 4, with maximum values of 12.0, 17.0, 16.0 and 14.0 respectively. About 40% of patients had diabetes mellitus, with the highest prevalence in stage 4 (49.3%) and the lowest in stage 1 (25%). Cardiovascular disease was distributed almost equally among all patients with a value between 82% in stage 1 and 86.3% in stage 4. Cancer were present in 26.3% of patients with similar values in all stages. Just about 9% of patients underwent dialysis treatment for achieving ESRD, with a percentage of 5.6% among patients in stage 1 and 17.1% among those in stage 4. Hemodialysis represented first choice treatment (86%) compared with peritoneal one (14%). Time from the diagnosis of CKD to the first dialysis was variable with an average of 3.4 ±1.7 years; the longest interval for patients in stage 1 (5.1±1.8) and the shortest (3.0 ±1.6) for patients in stage 4. The number of nephrological visits at renal units was analyzed for an assessment of the extent of follow-up and prevention upon reaching the ESRD (table2). More than 90% of patients had prescribed drugs antagonists of the renin angiotensin system, in all stages of CKD; other antihypertensive drugs (Ca channel blockers and peripheral vasodilators) had a similar prescription level. Anemia control drugs (ESA and iron) had an incremental prescription with stages of the disease from 51.4% in stage 1 to 74% in stage 4, similarly to Ca-P metabolism control drugs ranging from 44.4% in stage 1 to 67.8% in stage 4. Conclusion Correct staging of CKD is very important to assess the prognosis of patients, but the major determinants of outcome are comorbidities and age of the patients. The cohort examined has a high mortality rate, far higher than reported in the literature for CKD. It should be noted that the sample was identified by hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases more than 50% complicated by diabetes and hypertension, so death represents the main outcome and not ESRD.

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