Changes in the cotyledons of Cucurbita maxima during germination. I. General characteristics

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2227-2231 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. A. Lott
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Storage Organs

Various structural and physiological changes in squash cotyledons were followed as a function of germination time. Temperature, to which squash plants are very sensitive, was kept constant at 31 °C but light conditions were varied.In light-germinated plants (16 h light/day) the cotyledons changed from storage organs to greatly enlarged photosynthetic leaves, within 5 days. Incorporation of major amounts of thymidine-2-14C throughout the cotyledons occurred only during the enlargement phase.Dark-germinated plants, in which the cotyledons enlarged very little, produced a long, stout hypocotyl. No major incorporation of thymidine-2-14C into the cotyledons occurred, suggesting that little cell division occurs in the cotyledons of dark-germinated squash plants.Fresh- and dry-weight changes in the cotyledons were consistent with the changes in morphology of light- and dark-germinated plants. The cotyledons of plants which were dark-germinated for 6 days and then placed in 16 h light per day did not reach the fresh weight per cotyledon or dry weight per cotyledon level attained by cotyledons from plants germinated, from the beginning in 16 h light per day.

Some morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the pear fruit (Pyrus communis var. Williams Bon Chrétien) during development and following harvest

1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Protein Nitrogen

Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes occurring in the developing fruit of Pyrus communis var. Williams Bon Chretien were studied at frequent intervals, from blossom until after commercial maturity, in three successive seasons. Morphological changes were shown by increase in measurements of volume, long and short axis, and the width of the cortex (flesh), the morphology of the fruit being interpreted by the receptacular theory, Anatomical changes were given by the duration and distribution of cell division, differentiation of tissues, cell size, and cell number. Physiological changes were expressed as changes in fresh weight, dry weight, and moisture content for the whole fruit, and separately for the flesh, peel, and core in the second and third seasons. Total and reducing sugars, starch, titratable acidity, and total and protein nitrogen were estimated per gram of dried flesh at each sampling. Respiration rates for whole fruit were measured by the Pettenkofer method. Physiological changes could not be expressed on a per cell basis because of the complex structure of pear tissue. Data presented on the basis of the number of days from blossom showed two distinct stages in fruit growth. Stage I, the first 42-56 days of development, corresponded to the main cell division period and was characterized by more rapid morphological but slower physiological changes (except for increase in protein nitrogen) than Stage 11, the remainder of the time on the tree. Comparable trends were found in the three seasons, but drought reduced growth rate in the first season. Some ripening changes were followed on removal from the tree and after periods of cold storage at 0°C.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds and Glucosinolates in Sprouts of Pale Green and Purple Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) under Light and Dark Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Ramaraj Sathasivam ◽  
Min Cheol Kim ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Soo In Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Dark Conditions ◽  
Pale Green

Kohlrabi is considered an important dietary vegetable worldwide. In this study, we investigated the growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds (PCs) and glucosinolates in sprouts of pale green and purple kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) in response to light and dark conditions. Pale green kohlrabi presented high fresh weight and root length irrespective of light treatment, whereas under dark conditions, it presented higher fresh weight and shoot length than purple kohlrabi. In contrast, the root length of both kohlrabies increased markedly under light conditions compared to that under dark conditions. Thirteen PCs and eight glucosinolates were detected and quantified in 10-day-old pale green and purple kohlrabies. In both kohlrabies, the individual and total phenolic levels were much higher under the light treatment than under the dark treatment. Under light and dark conditions, the total phenolic content was 6362.13 and 5475.04 µg/g dry weight in the pale green kohlrabi, respectively, whereas in the purple kohlrabi, it was 10,115.76 and 9361.74 µg/g dry weight, respectively. Dark conditions favored higher accumulation of glucosinolates than light conditions. Progoitrin, neoglucobrassicin, glucoerucin, and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin were the predominant glucosinolates in both kohlrabies and were present in much higher amounts in the pale green kohlrabi. In pale green kohlrabi under dark conditions, the total glucosinolates content was 4.75 and 2.62 times higher than that of the purple kohlrabi under light and dark conditions, respectively. Among individual glucosinolates, in the pale green kohlrabi under the dark condition, progoitrin was found to have the highest content, which was 90.28 and 54.51 times higher than that in the purple kohlrabi under light and dark conditions, respectively. These results show that the phenolic and glucosinolates levels varied widely, and these variations between the two types of kohlrabi under both light and dark conditions were significant. Our findings suggest that light and dark conditions enhance the accumulation of PCs and glucosinolates, respectively, during the development of kohlrabi seedlings.

scholarly journals Study on the flower growth and opening to extend the vase life of the cut lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Thuan Thi Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Viet Trang Bui
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Lotus Flower ◽  
Flower Growth ◽  
Flower Stage

Morphological and physiological changes were investigated during flower growth and opening to extend the vase life of cut lotus flowers. When holding the flowers in distilled water, the edge of petals and the top edge of petals became black, and the stems were bent after 17 hours. Flowers fully opened and senesced after 25 hours. At full opening flower stage, there were decreases in fresh weight, and content of starch, auxin and zeatin, and increases in dry weight, and content of total sugar, anthocyanins and flavonols, ABA and gibberellin. Petal extract showed the presence two absorption peaks at 354 nm ( due to flavonols) and 535 nm (due to anthocyanins). Among the treatments, the combination of wilted flower (5 % fresh weight) and spraying of 2 mg/L NAA and 10 % coconut water (with 0,1 % Tween 20) gave a 2 days (43,22 hours) longer for cut lotus flowers than the control.

Morphological, anatomical, and physiological changes in the developing fruit of the Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck

1958 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bain
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cell Layers

Measurements of fruit radius and peel and pulp width, as well as determinations of fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content total and protein nitrogen content, and respiration rate were made throughout two growing seasons on Valencia oranges from the Gosford district of New South Wales. Soluble solids, sugar, and acid were also determined in the juice. Anatomical changes during development were investigated throughout one season. Development could be divided into three stages, corresponding with changes in growth rate and coinciding on a calendar basis in both seasons. Stage I varied in length according to the date of the blossom, but was completed by mid December. This was the cell division stage; by mid December cell division was completed in all tissues except the outermost cell layers. Increase in fruit size at this stage was mainly due to increased peel thickness. Stage 11, a period of very rapid growth from mid December to mid July, was the critical period for growth and was distinguished as the cell enlargement period, rapid morphological and physiological changes occurring in the absence of cell division. The growth of the pulp was responsible for most of the increase in fruit size during Stage 11; the peel reached a maximum width early in this stage and then became thinner with very little subsequent change in thickness as the pulp continued to increase in size. Stage 111, the maturation period, lasted from mid July until the fruit was ripe, or approximately 7 months. Fruit continued to grow for as long as it was left on the tree but at a very reduced rate compared with Stage 11. Ripening occurred during Stage 111.

scholarly journals Use of Non-Destructive Measurements to Identify Cucurbit Species (Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata) Tolerant to Waterlogged Conditions

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1226
Author(s):  
Hsin-Hung Lin ◽  
Kuan-Hung Lin ◽  
Meng-Yuan Huang ◽  
Yi-Ru Su
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Waterlogging Stress ◽  
Non Destructive

Limited information is available regarding the physiology of squash plants grown under waterlogging stress. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth and physiological performances of three cucurbit species, Cucurbita maxima cultivar (cv.) OK-101 (OK) and Cucurbita moschata cv. Early Price (EP) and Strong Man (SM), in response to waterlogging conditions, and to develop a precise, integrated, and quantitative non-destructive measurement of squash genotypes under stress. All tested plants were grown in a growth chamber under optimal irrigation and growth conditions for a month, and the pot plants were then subjected to non-waterlogging (control) and waterlogging treatments for periods of 1, 3, 7, and 13 days (d), followed by a 3-d post-waterlogging recovery period after water drainage. Plants with phenotypes, such as fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and dry matter (DM) of shoots and roots, and various physiological systems, including relative water content (RWC), soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, ratio of variable/maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm), quantum photosynthetic yield (YII), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) values, responded differently to waterlogging stress in accordance with the duration of the stress period and subsequent recovery period. When plants were treated with stress for 13 d, all plants exhibited harmful effects to their leaves compared with the control, but EP squash grew better than SM and OK squashes and exhibited stronger tolerance to waterlogging and showed less injury. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, and dry matter of shoots and roots indicated that OK plants suffered more severely than EP plants at the 3-d drainage period. The values of RWC, SPAD, Fv/Fm, YII, NDVI, and PRI in both SM and OK plants remarkably decreased at waterlogging at the 13-d time point compared with controls under identical time periods. However, the increased levels of SPAD, Fv/Fm, YII, NDVI, and PRI observed on 7 d or 13 d of waterlogging afforded the EP plant leaf with improved waterlogged tolerance. Significant and positive correlations were observed among NDVI and PRI with SPAD, Fv/Fm, and YII, indicating that these photosynthetic indices can be useful for developing non-destructive estimations of chlorophyll content in squashes when screening for waterlogging-tolerant plants, for establishing development practices for their cultivation in fields, and for enhanced cultivation during waterlogging in frequently flooded areas.

scholarly journals ​Regeneration of Stem Cuttings of Pomegranate cv. Bhagwa as Influenced by PGR’s and Planting Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Sukhdev Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Stem Cutting ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
The World

Background: Pomegranate is being cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world for its delicious fruits. It can be propagated from seeds as well as from softwood, semi-hardwood and hardwood cuttings. The application of auxins encourages rooting in stem cutting owing to their ability to active cambium regeneration, cell division and cell multiplication. To meet the demand of pomegranate in the current situation and owing to its importance, the present study was undertaken. Methods: For regeneration of stem cuttings of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa as influenced by PGR‘s and planting time a study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during 2019-2020. The trial was undertaken with ten treatments comprising of IBA, PHB and NAA (500, 750 and 1000 ppm) each by quick dip method along with control planted in the first week of August and January. Result: The results of the study revealed that IBA 1000 ppm (T3) proved to be the best in terms of minimum days to first sprouting (11.06), maximum sprouting (91.10%), rooting (83.31%), number of roots per cutting (60.03), root length (11.55 cm), fresh weight of roots (1.08 g) and dry weight of roots (0.55 g). Among planting time the cuttings planted on first week of January proved to be effective in terms of sprouting (87.83%), survival (84.70%), rooting (78.81%) and number of roots (52.06) respectively.

Growth and respiration throughout the life-cycle of Nematospiroides dubius Baylis, 1926 (Nematoda: Heligmosomidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Nematospiroides Dubius ◽  
The Relationship

The growth of the three free-living stages of N. dubius was measured in terms of dry and fresh weight. Changes in body water content during moulting were demonstrated by variations in dry weight when expressed as a percentage of fresh weight. The respiration rate of the larvae increased until they became infective, after which time it decreased until five days later no oxygen consumption could be recorded. The inability of all larval stages to withstand anaerobic conditions indicated that their metabolism was essentially aerobic. The relationship between body size and metabolic rate was established for each stage and its significance in relation to the life-cycle discussed.

Conelet abortion and ATP levels in longleaf pine

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 680-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. White ◽  
James A. Knopp
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
The Past ◽  
Atp Levels ◽  
Sand Hills

During the past 5 years, an average of 87% of the 1st year strobili in a longleaf pine seed orchard in the Sand hills region of North Carolina have aborted development. Fresh weight, dry weight, ATP, and morphological characteristics were measured periodically after anthesis to determine some of the physiological changes associated with conelet abortion. In the early stages of conelet abortion, morphologically characterized by a slight browning in the pith area of the conelet, ATP levels almost doubled. As the conelet became more necrotic, ATP levels dropped. Sausage casing, which was used to shield strobili during the pollination period, was found to have a greenhouse effect on the conelets, hastening their development. Both the ATP burst and the beginning of conelet abortion was 1–2 weeks earlier for the encased conelets.

Metabolic signalling and the partitioning of resources in plant storage organs

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL G. HALFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cultivated Potato ◽  
Metabolic Signalling ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Plant Storage

The most important harvested organs of crop plants, such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the fixation of carbon through the production of sugars through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to support metabolism and to store them in the form of starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing resources to provide us with food and many have been bred to accumulate much more than would be required otherwise. For example, approximately 80% of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation and breeding has brought about a shift in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between the organs of the plant.

scholarly journals Growth and Antioxidant Responses in Iron-Biofortified Lentil under Cadmium Stress

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Ruchi Bansal ◽  
Swati Priya ◽  
Harsh Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Sherry Rachel Jacob ◽  
Mahesh Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cadmium Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cd Stress ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Cd Uptake ◽  
Cd Tolerance ◽  
Controlled Conditions

Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal, toxic to our ecosystem even at low concentrations. Cd stress negatively affects plant growth and development by triggering oxidative stress. Limited information is available on the role of iron (Fe) in ameliorating Cd stress tolerance in legumes. This study assessed the effect of Cd stress in two lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) varieties differing in seed Fe concentration (L4717 (Fe-biofortified) and JL3) under controlled conditions. Six biochemical traits, five growth parameters, and Cd uptake were recorded at the seedling stage (21 days after sowing) in the studied genotypes grown under controlled conditions at two levels (100 μM and 200 μM) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The studied traits revealed significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions. Cd-induced oxidative damage led to the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde in both genotypes. JL3 accumulated 77.1% more H2O2 and 75% more lipid peroxidation products than L4717 at the high Cd level. Antioxidant enzyme activities increased in response to Cd stress, with significant genotype, treatment, and genotype × treatment interactions (p < 0.01). L4717 had remarkably higher catalase (40.5%), peroxidase (43.9%), superoxide dismutase (31.7%), and glutathione reductase (47.3%) activities than JL3 under high Cd conditions. In addition, L4717 sustained better growth in terms of fresh weight and dry weight than JL3 under stress. JL3 exhibited high Cd uptake (14.87 mg g−1 fresh weight) compared to L4717 (7.32 mg g−1 fresh weight). The study concluded that the Fe-biofortified lentil genotype L4717 exhibited Cd tolerance by inciting an efficient antioxidative response to Cd toxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the possibility of seed Fe content as a surrogacy trait for Cd tolerance.

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