Formation of heartwood phenols in callus tissue cultures of red pine (Pinus resinosa)

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1015-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jorgensen ◽  
D. Balsillie
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Biochemical Studies

Pinosylvin (3,5-dihydroxy-stilbene) and Pinosylvin monomethyl ether (3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene) were formed by cells in callus tissue cultures of Pinus resinosa Ait., when these cells were subjected to desiccation leading to death over a period of time at 25 °C. Pinosylvin and Pinosylvin monomethyl ether were absent in check cultures growing under normal conditions at the same temperature.The significance of the above findings is discussed in relation to the theory of "protection wood formation" in trees as well as for biochemical studies on the biosynthesis of heartwood phenols in trees.

Wood Growth Determined from Growth Ring Analysis in Red Pine (Pinus Resinosa) Trees Forced to Lean by a Hurricane

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Akachuku
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
Ring Analysis

Leaning red pine (Pinus resinosa) trees at Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, U.S.A., were sampled for wood growth studies 50 years after they were displaced by a hurricane. Before the hurricane incursion, ring width varied among trees and from year to year but not among radiL After the hurricane, between-tree variation in ring width was again significant but it was not appreciably due to angle of displacement (AOD) of the bole. Wood growth distribution along the bole in the leaning trees was complex. Between- radius variation in ring width was significant in the leaning boles; ring width was largest on the lower side. On the average ring width decreased as tree age increased but the variation was much less on the upper than on the lower side. Ring area tended to decrease with increase in age but the relationship was strongest in the least displaced bole and vice versa. Asymmetrie growth ratio increased with AOD of a bole and varied with year of wood formation but was not related to cambium age. Graphs of height above the ground on percentage pith eccentricity exhibited a sinuous shape like that of the trees. Cumulative growth and mean annual increment of height and volume increased with tree age. Current annual increment of height and volurne decreased for 9 and 5 years after the hurricane and after the 64th and 69th year of the tree, respectively. Form factor increased after pruning but decreased later with age. Precipitation was not closely related to ring width in the leaning boles.

THE FORMATION OF PINOSYLVIN AND ITS MONOMETHYL ETHER IN THE SAPWOOD OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT.

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1765-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
No Production ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Local Formation ◽  
Dormant Season

Mechanical damage to bark and cambium of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), as well as fungal penetration of sapwood in the interior of roots and stems, induces the formation of heartwood substances in the affected parts of the sapwood. Paper chromatography disclosed the occurrence of pinosylvin (trans-3,5-dihydroxy-stilbene) and its monomethyl ether (3-hydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene) in affected sapwood. Normal undamaged sapwood does not contain these substances, which were found to be restricted to the heartwood, except for pinosylvin monomethyl ether, which was found to occur also in the pith of branches.Field and laboratory experiments were carried out on the local formation of pinosylvins in the sapwood of live branches of red pine following wounding of the cambium. It was found that the pinosylvins are formed in the late part of the growing season and during the dormant season. Cross sections through the wound on branches showed the pinosylvins in a triangular pattern with the wounded cambium as a base line and the other two sides of the triangle extending along the rays to the pith.Cells killed rapidly did not form pinosylvins. However, cells dying slowly, and in the laboratory experiments under the influence of desiccation, produced both pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether. The optimum production of the pinosylvins occurred in the laboratory at approximately 25 °C, while no production was found at 35 °C and higher temperatures.It is concluded that the pinosylvins are formed by living cells in the sapwood under the influence of desiccation and/or aeration and that their formation is a defense reaction against attack by pathogens.The term "protection wood" is preferred as an alternative term for "pathological heartwood" or "mineral stain", which has been used by many authors.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

THE SEED PRODUCTION CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY OF RED PINE CONES (PINUS RESINOSA AIT.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pine Cones

The seed capacity of red pine cones varies from about 30 to over 110, depending on the size of the cone and its position in the tree crown, and is determined by the number of ovules that are structurally complete at the time of pollination. These ovules occur in a central "productive" region and constitute less than one-half of the total. The remaining ovules, most: of which are in the proximal part of the cone, never become structurally perfect, and do not contribute to seed production. Abortion of ovules in the productive region usually reduces seed production efficiency to 50–60%, and is accompanied mainly by withering of the nucellus in the first year and failure to produce archegonia early in the second year. The extent of ovule abortion during the first year varies indirectly with cone size, seed capacity, and height in tree.

Growth of Clumped vs. Equally Spaced Trees

1982 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Stiell
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Form Class ◽  
Significant Tendency ◽  
Made In ◽  
Crown Size

Fifteen-year results are presented for a thinning experiment made in 13-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), designed to compare growth of trees in 4-tree clumps with that of uniformly spaced trees, in both cases growing at 890 stems/ha. By the end of the period, average crown size, form class and height were about the same for both stands, but growth by trees in clumps had been less for dbh and for basal area and total volume per hectare. Clumped trees had a significant tendency to lean away from each other. It was concluded that control of inter-tree spacing at planting or thinning is justified to the extent that clumps of more than three adjacent trees be avoided.

USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON A 20-YEAR-OLD RED PINE PLANTATION

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Current Growth

The fertilizers, Mg at a rate of 100 lbs/acre and K at 200 lbs/acre, were applied around each of 15 red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) to promote increased growth in a 20-year-old plantation which had failed to fulfil growth expectations. Successive measurements of diameter and height showed that the fertilizers stimulated diameter significantly after the second growing season, but height only after the third growing season. Beneficial effect of fertilizer applications on diameter and height persisted, and the differences in diameter and height between treated and untreated trees at the end of the seventh growing season was equivalent to two years' current growth.

Inducing effect of plant cells on nitrogenase activity by Spirillum and Rhizobium in vitro

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Child ◽  
W. G. W. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cell ◽  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Nutritional Requirement ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Cell Tissue ◽  
Direct Association ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Rhizobium Sp

Eleven different plant cell tissue cultures of both legume and non-legume origin have been grown in direct association, and in separate but close proximal association with both Spirillum lipoferum and Rhizobium sp. 32H1. Basic similarities were found in the nutritional requirement for the induction of nitrogenase activity (C2H2) in both organisms. In the absence of plant cell cultures both organisms need to be provided with a pentose sugar and a tricarboxylic acid to induce high levels of nitrogen-fixing activity. Plant cell callus tissue appears only capable of supplying the tricarboxylic acids needed but not the sugar component. The plant tissue, however, seems able to activate certain carbohydrates, which in themselves are incapable of substituting for the pentose additive.

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