Free sugars, amino acids, and soluble proteins in the embryo and female gametophyte of jack pine as related to climate at the seed source

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
V. Chalupa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Protein Pattern ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

Non-stratified and dormant seeds from various geographic sources across the natural range of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were separated into embryo (diploid) and female gametophyte (haploid) and examined for their free sugars, free and bound amino acids, and soluble proteins. Climatic factors from not less than 8 and as many as 15 widely separated seed sources correlated well with most chemical components of the embryo and gametophyte. The composition of the dormant embryo was also highly correlated to levels of sugars and nitrogenous compounds in the female gametophyte. Climate at the seed source clearly affected the degree to which metabolism of carbon and nitrogenous compounds in the seed proceeded before and during incipient germination. Upon germination of seeds from one of the sources, the gametophyte was rapidly consumed, arginine level and protein pattern in the embryo changed, many soluble proteins disappeared and amide content increased greatly.

Amino acids, soluble proteins, and isoenzyme patterns of peroxidase during the germination of jack pine

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 2151-2161 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Ramaiah ◽  
D. J. Durzan ◽  
A. J. Mia
Keyword(s):  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Percentage Composition ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Isoenzyme Patterns

In germinating jack pine, changes in nitrogenous compounds were separated into two phases, the first, where through imbibition, seeds expanded but the prospective seedling remained enclosed by the haploid and nutritive female gametophyte (0 to 3 days), and second, when radicles emerged and only cotyledons remained in contact with the gametophyte (4 to 11 days).During imbibition, total soluble N in seeds dropped and the amino acid pool was dominated by high levels of free arginine. As levels of arginine N declined the greatest changes in percentage composition involved glutamic acid (gametophyte) and glutamine (embryo). Thereafter, arginine N accumulated. By 7 days, arginine N was recovered in seedlings primarily from cotyledons. High asparagine levels were observed in stems and roots as glutamine N in the emerging seedling declined.Protein reserves in the seedling were nearly depleted by 4 days. Total protein and, at later stages, the ratio of hexone bases to dicarboxylic acids was generally higher in the gametophyte than in the seedling. Soluble proteins of the embryo were separated into at least 18 bands by disc electrophoresis and contained peroxidase activity which increased strongly after the first week of germination. The increase of nine isoenzymes of peroxidase with mobilities towards the anode correlated with the histochemical localization of peroxidase at the emerging shoot and root tips and throughout the vascular tissues.

Sodium fluoride induced metabolic changes in jack pine seedlings. II. Effect on growth, acid phosphatase, cytokinins, and pools of soluble proteins, amino acids, and organic acids

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1311-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Zwiazek ◽  
Jennifer M. Shay
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Fluoride Treatment ◽  
Isopentenyl Adenine ◽  
Significant Change

The effects of sodium fluoride on growth, cytokinin activity, acid phosphatase activity, and levels of soluble proteins, free amino acids, and organic acids in jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) seedlings were studied. Fresh and dry weights of seedlings were already reduced after 24 h of sodium fluoride treatment. No significant change in cytokinin levels was found in seedlings treated with 1 mM sodium fluoride. A higher (10 mM) concentration resulted in some decrease in cytokinin activity, which was insufficient, however, to account for the complete growth inhibition of seedlings. Marked reduction in cytokinin(s) with similar chromatographic behaviour to that of isopentenyl adenine and isopentenyl adenosine was observed in plants subjected to the 10-mM sodium fluoride treatment. Activity of acid phosphatase extracted from seedlings was drastically reduced by sodium fluoride invitro. When the enzyme was isolated from fluoride-treated plants, its activity was also lower but the inhibition was less pronounced. Levels of both organic and amino acids were affected by fluoride treatments. Depending on the level of fluoride treatment, the amount of soluble proteins decreased or showed no significant change. The implications of the observed changes are discussed.

Free Amino Acids as Affected by Light Intensity and the Relation of Responses to the Shade Tolerance of White Spruce and Shade Intolerance of Jack Pine

1971 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Durzan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Metabolic Basis

Saplings of white spruce and jack pine, grown under field conditions, were exposed for 2 years to natural light, and shade at 45, 25, and 13% of the daily natural light intensity. Continuous shade affected the growth and shape of saplings and influenced metabolism by reducing levels of most nitrogenous compounds in all plant parts (leaves, stems and buds, and roots). Compared with the spruce, significant responses by amino acids to the range of shade treatment in the very intolerant jack pine were greater and covered a much greater proportion of the amino acid N. As saplings were entering winter dormancy, thresholds for significant responses by individual amino acids and intercalation of their metabolic paths with those not responsive reflected a metabolic basis for shade tolerance that represented not only past growth rates of sapling parts, particularly roots, but also the extent to which nitrogenous compounds accumulated and were compartmentalized amongst parts. The main effects of shade on nitrogen metabolism implicated the balance of four- and five-carbon α-keto acids (photosynthate) which evoked significant changes in levels of certain amino acids and the amides, glutamine, and asparagine. At low light intensities, and particularly in stems and buds of both species, soluble nitrogen was diverted into the storage compound arginine.

Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedin Abdallah ◽  
Evera Elemba ◽  
Qingzhen Zhong ◽  
Zewei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

scholarly journals A comparison of the nutrient composition and statistical profile in red pepper fruits (Capsicums annuum L.) based on genetic and environmental factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Ha Kim ◽  
So-Young Lee ◽  
Da-Young Baek ◽  
Soo-Yun Park ◽  
Sang-Gu Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Genotype Effect ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Red Peppers

Abstract Red peppers are a remarkable source of nutrients in the human diet. However, comprehensive studies have not reported on the effects of genotype, cultivation region, and year on pepper fruit characteristics. To address this, 12 commercial pepper varieties were grown at two locations in South Korea, during 2016 and 2017, representing four environments, and concentrations of proximate, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, capsaicinoids, and free sugars in pepper pericarps were determined. Variation in most nutrients was observed among the 12 varieties grown within each location in each year, indicating a significant genotype effect. Statistical analysis of combined data showed significant differences among varieties, locations, and years for the measured components. The % variability analysis demonstrated that environment (location and year) and genotype-environment interaction contributed more to the nutritional contents than genotype alone. Particularly, variation in many amino acids, capsaicinoids, free sugars, and myristic acid was attributed to location. Year effect was significant for palmitoleic acid, ash, tryptophan, copper, linolenic acid, crude fiber, and tyrosine. Insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, sodium, sulfate, linoleic acid, and alanine were primarily varied by genotype–environment interaction. Palmitic acid was the trait the most highly affected by genotype. Cultivation and the genotype–environment interaction have a major role in determining the composition of 12 pepper varieties across four environments. The data from this study could explain the natural variation in the compositional data of peppers by genotypes and environments.

scholarly journals Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of genus Fritillaria—a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishrat Rashid ◽  
Ubaid Yaqoob
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Chest Injury ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Pharmaceutically Active Compounds ◽  
Dynamic Components

Abstract Background Genus Fritillaria is one among the biggest genera of family Liliaceae comprising of around 130–165 species. Fritillaria is viewed as a significant genus and a source of significant pharmaceutically active compounds utilized in conventional drugs by folklore. Fritillaria is utilized worldwide as medication and food. Different chemically dynamic components separated from genus Fritillaria, their phytochemistry with structure and pharmacology of these compounds have been extensively reviewed. Main body Fritillaria is utilized for treatment of dyspepsia, chest injury, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, gout, bronchitis, dysuria, sinus, boils, stomatitis, malaria, insanity, anaemia, immunity promoter, remedy for child emaciation, fever, burning sensation, phthisis and broncho-asthma, heart diseases, dysfunction of breathing and nervous system, etc. Different chemical components isolated from genus Fritillaria include around 120 alkaloids, 15 terpenoids as well as saponins, glycosides, volatile components, nucleosides, amino acids, nucleobases, flavonoids, fatty acids and so forth. Conclusions Many Fritillaria species have been utilized in traditional Chinese medication on account of their effects of clearing heat, moistening the lung, alleviating cough, asthma, tumours, scrofula and so on. Fritillaria is utilized for treatment of dyspepsia, chest injury, tuberculosis, cough, asthma, gout, bronchitis, dysuria, sinus, boils, stomatitis, malaria, insanity, anaemia, immunity promoter, remedy for child emaciation, also for fever, burning sensation, phthisis and broncho-asthma, heart diseases, dysfunction of breathing and nervous system, etc.

On the Nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton IV. The forms of nitrogen excreted By Calanus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. S. Corner ◽  
B. S. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Long Island Sound ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Experimental Density ◽  
Island Sound ◽  
Calanus Helgolandicus

A study has been made of the nitrogenous compounds excreted by Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) collected at Plymouth.Most of the excreted nitrogen is in the form of ammonia which accounts for 60–100% (average 74.3%) of the total, and some of the remainder may be lost as urea. There is no evidence for the excretion of measurable amounts of amino acids.Whether the animals are starved or fed they are primarily ammonotelic, and the quantity of ammonia produced at 10° C (3.33 μg/g. dry body wt/day) is not significantly changed when the animals are used at an abnormally high experimental density. This latter condition does, however, lead to the production of large quantities of additional nitrogenous substances that give a positive reaction with ninhydrin.IntroductionThe amounts of nitrogen excreted by zooplankton have been measured by several workers. Harris (1959) used the method of Riley (1953) to estimate the copious quantities of ammonia produced by animals (mainly Acartia tonsa and A. clausi) collected from Long Island Sound; Beers (1964), in laboratory experiments with the chaetognath Sagitta hispida, estimated the excreted ammonia by the procedure of Kruse & Mellon (1952); and Corner, Cowey & Marshall (1965) determined the ammonia excreted by Calanus helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus, using a ninhydrin technique described by Moore & Stein (1954). The methods employed by Harris and by Beers are specific for ammonia: that used by Corner et al. estimates nitrogenous substances (e.g. amino acids) in addition to ammonia, but certain tests were made which seemed to exclude the possibility that these substances contributed significantly to the nitrogen excreted by the animals.

Etude des protéines des blés résistant, Kharkov, et sensible, Selkirk, au cours de l'endurcissement au froid. I. Protéines solubles

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (21) ◽  
pp. 2411-2416 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rochat ◽  
H. P. Therrien
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Ice Formation

Electrophoregrams of soluble proteins of winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) after incorporation of L-[14C] leucine disclose the synthesis of two particular proteins during the cold hardening processes of the hardier variety, Kharkov, compared with a less-hardy variety, Selkirk. The composition in amino acids of the two proteins has been studied and shown to confer them a higher degree of hydrophily making them capable to bind and retain vital water with enough energy to avoid too much dehydration resulting in denaturation during extracellular ice formation.

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