EFFECT OF (2-CHLOROETHYL) TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON THE LEVEL OF ENDOGENOUS INDOLE COMPOUNDS IN WHEAT SEEDLINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Indole Compounds ◽  
Free Tryptophan ◽  
Growing Medium

A relatively simple and rapid spectrophotometric technique for quantitatively assaying indoleacetic acid (IAA) has now been used for determining the levels of free tryptophan in wheat seedlings (Trilicum vulgare L. var. Thatcher). This technique showed relatively large quantities of tryptophan, and a bioassay, lesser amounts of an auxin (probably IAA), to be present in 11-day-old dark-grown wheat seedlings. The quantities recovered were 200 to 400 μg of tryptophan and 0.30 to 0.60 μg of auxin (IAA equivalents) from 1.0 g of dried plant material.Inclusion of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) in the growing medium of the wheat seedlings caused a reduction in the levels of both free tryptophan and the auxin, the magnitude of the effect increasing with increasing dose of CCC. At the highest rate used, 2500 mg per liter of CCC, tryptophan was reduced by approximately 35% and the auxin by approximately 50 to 60%. The evidence presented here indicates that the decreased level of auxin in CCC-treated plants reported by previous workers may have been due to a decreased level of tryptophan. It is therefore suggested that the effects of CCC on plants could be due to direct or indirect changes induced in the metabolism of their indole compounds.

Amino Acid Metabolism in Plants. V. Changes in Basic Indole Compounds and the Development of Tryptophan Decarboxylase Activity in Barley (Hordeum vulgare) during Germination and Seedling Growth

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 698-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnora A. Schneider ◽  
F. Wightman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Indole Alkaloid ◽  
Tryptophan Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Activity ◽  
Indole Compounds ◽  
Free Tryptophan ◽  
Potential Precursor

In barley seedlings, tryptophan is the precursor of the simple indole alkaloid gramine, and also of tryptamine, which is important as a potential precursor of the plant growth hormone 3-indoleacetic acid. The present investigation was designed to study the distribution of free tryptophan and its derivatives within the seedlings, and to follow the changes in these compounds with time. Development of the enzyme tryptophan decarboxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to tryptamine, was also studied. An increase in free tryptophan was detected within 2 h of soaking the seed; this compound reached high values in very young tissues, and then declined. Gramine and its precursors, 3-aminomethylindole and N-methyl-3-aminomethylindole, were confined to the shoots; all three compounds appeared together at the inception of shoot growth. Quantitatively, gramine was the most important compound present and reached a concentration of 623 μg/g fresh weight (25 times that of free tryptophan) on the 9th day, and then declined. Isolated embryos were capable of synthesizing gramine at about one quarter the normal rate, indicating that these embryos have a considerable inherent capacity for tryptophan synthesis and are not wholly dependent on tryptophan released by the endosperm. Tryptophan decarboxylase and tryptamine were found only in the shoot, and both enzyme and product appeared after the 1st week of growth, when the rate of gramine synthesis was beginning to decline. 5-Hydroxytryptamine began to accumulate in both shoot and root after about 2 weeks of growth, and N-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine was also present in the roots. The close parallel between the gramine pathway of the barley shoot and the analagous hordenine pathway of the root, in which tyrosine is the precursor amino acid, is discussed.

scholarly journals Indoleacetic Acid Levels in Wheat and Rice Seedlings under Oxygen Deficiency and Subsequent Reoxygenation

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav V. Yemelyanov ◽  
Victor V. Lastochkin ◽  
Tamara V. Chirkova ◽  
Sylvia M. Lindberg ◽  
Maria F. Shishova
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Oxygen Deprivation ◽  
Rice Seedlings ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Positive Effect

The lack of oxygen and post-anoxic reactions cause significant alterations of plant growth and metabolism. Plant hormones are active participants in these alterations. This study focuses on auxin–a phytohormone with a wide spectrum of effects on plant growth and stress tolerance. The indoleacetic acid (IAA) content in plants was measured by ELISA. The obtained data revealed anoxia-induced accumulation of IAA in wheat and rice seedlings related to their tolerance of oxygen deprivation. The highest IAA accumulation was detected in rice roots. Subsequent reoxygenation was accompanied with a fast auxin reduction to the control level. A major difference was reported for shoots: wheat seedlings contained less than one-third of normoxic level of auxin during post-anoxia, while IAA level in rice seedlings rapidly recovered to normoxic level. It is likely that the mechanisms of auxin dynamics resulted from oxygen-induced shift in auxin degradation and transport. Exogenous IAA treatment enhanced plant survival under anoxia by decreased electrolyte leakage, production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. The positive effect of external IAA application coincided with improvement of tolerance to oxygen deprivation in the 35S:iaaM × 35S:iaaH lines of transgene tobacco due to its IAA overproduction.

Free-tryptophan and indoleacetic acid in zinc-deficient radish shoots

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apolinario L. Domingo ◽  
Yoshitaka Nagatomo ◽  
Makoto Tamai ◽  
Hiroshi Takaki
Keyword(s):  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Free Tryptophan

Growth and biochemical characterization of associations between cyanobionts and wheat seedlings in co-culturing experiments

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjuli Sood ◽  
Pawan Singh ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Radha Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root And Shoot Biomass

AbstractN2-fixing cyanobacteria are unique in their capacity to form symbiotic associations with a wide range of eukaryotic hosts belonging to different plant groups. The present study was undertaken to analyze the interactions of the cyanobiont PI 01 (from Azolla pinnata) and Nostoc PCC 9229 (from Gunnera monoika) with wheat seedlings, in co-culturing experiments. Each of the cyanobionts enhanced significantly the volume of root and shoot biomass in the experimental cultures. The transverse sections of roots in the co-cultured seedlings revealed the presence of aseriate packets of cyanobionts below the root epidermis. The investigated cyanobionts excreted amino acids (His, Met, Val) and sugars into the medium, while indoleacetic acid was detected when the cyanobionts were grown in a tryptophan containing medium. During the co-culturing, sugars and proline were detected in the extracellular filtrates. It can be hypothesized that these sugars and amino acids may serve as signal substances in the development of functional associations between the relevant cyanobionts and the wheat seedlings.

Urinary excretion of indolic compounds in rats with intestinal pouches

1961 ◽  
Vol 200 (4) ◽  
pp. 794-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Donaldson ◽  
Horacio A. Dolcini ◽  
Seymour J. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Acid Excretion ◽  
Indole Compounds ◽  
Indolic Compounds ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
The Creation

The urinary excretion of indican and of free and total indoleacetic acid is significantly increased in the rat in the presence of a localized area of intestinal stasis produced surgically by the creation of a pouch in the small intestine. Tryptamine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion in the urine is not altered. Evidence that intestinal stasis and bacterial activity within the pouch are responsible for the increased amounts of indican and indoleacetic acid in the urine is supported by the facts that a) indole compounds are not increased in the urine when the intestinal pouch is formed so that peristalsis keeps it empty, b) removal of the intestinal pouch results in a reduction of indican and indoleacetic acid to normal levels within 24 hours and c) oral administration of neomycin promptly reduces the excretion of these compounds to normal levels.

SOME EFFECTS OF INDOLEACETIC ACID AND MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON THE RESPIRATION AND FLOWERING OF WHEAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaw ◽  
A. Oaks ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Obligate Parasites ◽  
Leaf Disks

Wheat seedlings were grown in sand culture in 1 qt. crocks. Maleic hydrazide (10 mg. per crock per day) prevented flowering and increased the oxygen consumption per unit dry weight of the first leaves by 20 to 50%, but did not alter the C6/C1 ratio, which was measured by incubating leaf disks with glucose-6-C14 and glucose-1-C14. Indoleacetic acid (0.5 mg. per crock per day) increased oxygen uptake by only 10 to 15%, but stimulated flowering and apparently lowered the C6/C1 ratio. The C6/C1 ratio of leaf disks was approximately halved by 2 hours pretreatment with 5.0 and 8.3 p.p.m. of indoleacetic acid, mainly because of a decrease in the recovery of C6.The results are discussed briefly in relation to the effect of obligate parasites in increasing the indoleacetic acid content and in lowering the C6/C1 ratio of susceptible cereal leaves.

scholarly journals Effect of Indole Compounds on Vitamin B12 Utilization

Blood ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
JERRY DREXLER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Mutant Strain ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Enzymatic System ◽  
Indole Compounds

Abstract Indole and indoleacetic acid are shown to inhibit the growth of a vitamin B12 dependent microorganism, a mutant strain of Escherichia coli. It is suggested that the mechanism of that inhibition may be a competitive inhibition of some enzymatic system necessary for the utilization of vitamin B12.

GROWTH INHIBITION PRODUCED BY LEAF EXTRACTS FROM SIZE-CONTROLLING APPLE ROOTSTOCKS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Apple Rootstocks ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Size Controlling ◽  
Apple Seeds

Dilute alkali extracts of leaves from size-controlling rootstocks inhibited the growth of stratified apple seeds. Correlation coefficients of −0.9140** and −0.7292* exist between the vigor of the rootstocks and the respective growth of apple and wheat seedlings in the leaf extracts. The crude extract was chromatographed in isopropanol:ammonia:water (10:1:1). Two zones of growth inhibition were detected using a watercress bioassay. These zones were at 0 to 0.1 and 0.4 to 0.5 Rf units. The amount of growth made by the watercress was in the same ratio as the known vigor of the rootstocks M.II, M.VII, and M.IX. Measurement of the rate of indoleacetic acid oxidation showed that the material at an Rf 0.4 to 0.6 affected IAA breakdown. The more dwarfing rootstocks stimulated the oxidation of IAA. The significance of the results are discussed in relation to the dwarfing of apple rootstocks.

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