SOME EFFECTS OF INDOLEACETIC ACID AND MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON THE RESPIRATION AND FLOWERING OF WHEAT

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shaw ◽  
A. Oaks ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Obligate Parasites ◽  
Leaf Disks

Wheat seedlings were grown in sand culture in 1 qt. crocks. Maleic hydrazide (10 mg. per crock per day) prevented flowering and increased the oxygen consumption per unit dry weight of the first leaves by 20 to 50%, but did not alter the C6/C1 ratio, which was measured by incubating leaf disks with glucose-6-C14 and glucose-1-C14. Indoleacetic acid (0.5 mg. per crock per day) increased oxygen uptake by only 10 to 15%, but stimulated flowering and apparently lowered the C6/C1 ratio. The C6/C1 ratio of leaf disks was approximately halved by 2 hours pretreatment with 5.0 and 8.3 p.p.m. of indoleacetic acid, mainly because of a decrease in the recovery of C6.The results are discussed briefly in relation to the effect of obligate parasites in increasing the indoleacetic acid content and in lowering the C6/C1 ratio of susceptible cereal leaves.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: IVA. THE EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON THE CARBOHYDRATE, NITROGEN, AND FREE AMINO ACID CONTENT OF THE FIRST LEAF OF KHAPLI WHEAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Free Amino Acid Content ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Host Parasite

Khapli wheat was grown in sand culture in 1-qt. crocks. Daily applications of maleic hydrazide (10 mg. per crock) were started about 10 days after sowing. After 5 to 12 or 15 days of treatment, samples were taken for analysis. Maleic hydrazide inhibited growth and caused increases in the dry weight, total soluble matter, sucrose, and free amino compounds, particularly glutamine and glutamate, in the first leaves. The treated leaves were also rich in starch which does not normally occur in the wheat leaf.

The Physiology of Sea-Urchin Spermatozoa

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
LORD ROTHSCHILD ◽  
K. W. CLELAND
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Middle Piece ◽  
Oxidative Breakdown ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Fresh Semen

1. Sea-urchin spermatozoa (Echinus esculentus) contain 4·14 mg. phospholipid per 1010 spermatozoa (arithmetic mean of five replicated experiments, standard error 0·06). This amount of phospholipid is about 5·5% of the dry weight of a sea-urchin spermatozoon. 2. The seminal plasma contains very small quantities of phospholipid, about 20 mg./100 ml., less than one-thirtieth the content of fresh semen. 3. When sea-urchin semen was diluted 1:20 with sea water and the spermatozoa incubated aerobically for some 7 hr.at 20°C., phospholipid disappeared. The average disappearance per 1010 spermatozoa was 19·0% (S.E. 2·4), while the corresponding oxygen uptake of the same sperm suspensions during the same time was 1·450 ml. (S.E. 0·118). The oxidation of glycogen or glycogen-like material was found to be entirely insufficient to account for the observed oxygen consumption. 4. Assuming that the combustion of 1 mg. phospholipid requires 1·6 ml. oxygen, the ratio of the theoretical oxygen uptake (associated with the observed disappearance of phospholipid) to the observed oxygen uptake was 0·86 (S.E. 0·04). 5. It is concluded that the oxidative breakdown of phospholipid, located in the middle-piece, is the principal source of the energy required for movement.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: IV. THE EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AND INDOLEACETIC ACID ON THE RUST RESISTANCE OF KHAPLI AND LITTLE CLUB WHEATS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Maleic Hydrazide ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Reaction Type ◽  
Host Parasite

Little Club (rust reaction type 4) and Khapli (rust reaction type 1 with race 15B) wheats were grown in sand culture in 1-qt. crocks or 5-in. pots. Daily applications of maleic hydrazide or indoleacetic acid were started 5 days before (10 days after sowing), on the day of, and 5 days after inoculation with stem rust (Race 15B) and were continued for about three weeks. Maleic hydrazide inhibited growth and, at 5 and 10 mg. per pot, flowering. Type 4 pustules developed on Khapli plants treated with 5 and 10 mg. of maleic hydrazide daily from the 5th day before and from the day of inoculation. Indoleacetic acid (0.5 mg. per pot from the 10th day after sowing) stimulated growth and flowering and slightly increased the resistance of Khapli. Treatments started 5 days after inoculation had no effect on rust development on Khapli, and none of the treatments altered the rust reaction of Little Club. Spores produced on plants treated with maleic hydrazide gave normal rust reactions on untreated plants.The effect of maleic hydrazide on the plants and on rust development was not altered by the simultaneous application of uracil, which reversed the growth inhibition caused by thiouracil. Thiouracil inhibited rust development in the presence of maleic hydrazide.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: III. THE PATTERN OF RESPIRATION IN RUSTED AND MILDEWED CEREAL LEAVES

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Shaw ◽  
D. J. Samborski
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Infected Tissue ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pasteur Effect ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Leaf Disks

The first leaves of resistant (Khapli) and susceptible (Little Club) species of wheat were heavily inoculated with stem rust (Race 15B). After infection, oxygen consumption per unit dry weight increased two- to three-fold and then fell off again. The R.Q. remained close to 1.0 until the respiratory peak was reached and then declined to 0.80 to 0.85, at least in Khapli. The INR/OR values (approximately 1.2) suggest the operation of a Pasteur effect in uninfected tissue. With infected tissue there was little or no increase in NR as oxygen uptake rose and the INR/OR values declined steadily to about 0.2 to 0.3. The oxygen uptake of rusted, mildewed, and uninfected tissue was stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The percentage stimulation was reduced by infection. The smallest percentage stimulations were observed, after the respiratory peak had been passed, with infected tissue of Khapli, in which chlorosis and other degenerative changes developed quickly. The actual increases in oxygen uptake obtained with 10−5 M dinitrophenol were about the same for infected as for uninfected tissue, but, in Khapli, fell sharply after the respiratory maximum. Leaf-disks were incubated separately with glucose-1-C14, glucose-6-C14, and glucose-UL-C14, and the relative activities of the carbon dioxide produced were measured. The C6/C1 ratio showed a significant negative correlation with the oxygen uptake of rusted tissue, suggesting that the pentose phosphate pathway is of increased importance in infected tissue. The C6/C1 ratio was also reduced in the host tissue at the loci of mildew infections. In short term experiments dinitrophenol raised the C6/C1 ratio. The significance of the results is discussed and it is concluded that infection with rust or mildew not only raises the respiration rate but alters the pathway of respiration in the host tissue.

Effect of seed weight, and seed phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations on the early growth of wheat seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
DGDe Marco ◽  
Marco DG De
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
P Content ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Wheat seeds of uniform weight selected from 3 batches of seed with phosphorus (P) concentrations of 0.14, 0.17 and 0.19% were sown in soil with a range of applied P treatments. Seedling emergence was more rapid the higher the seed P. By 25 days after sowing all plants grown at the highest concentration of applied P were similar in size, but with lower applied P, plants from seed with higher P concentrations had an advantage. A range of weight classes was selected from 2 batches of seed raised at low or high concentrations of P. There were 11 groups ranging in mean seed weight from 28 to 58 mg and in seed P from 0.13 to 0.37%. Seedlings from the high P batch had larger first leaves, a higher dry weight, and longer roots than those from the low P batch when grown in a highly P-deficient sand culture system. Within each batch, heavier seeds produced larger leaves, heavier plants and longer roots. The yield differences between batches were largely accounted for if the seed P content (�g P/seed) was considered rather than either percentage P or seed weight alone. Differences in seed nitrogen concentration or content did not consistently account for differences in seedling growth.

Salinity Tolerance of Black Gram Cultivars During Germination and Early Seedling Growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.K. Hasan ◽  
M.S. Islam ◽  
M.R. Islam ◽  
H.N. Ismaan ◽  
A. El Sabagh
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Black Gram

Abstract A laboratory experiment regarding germination and seedling growth test was conducted with three black gram genotypes tested under three salinity levels (0, 75 and 150 mM), for 10 days, in sand culture within small plastic pot, to investigate the germination and seedling growth characteristics. Different germination traits of all black gram genotypes, like germination percentage (GP), germination rate (GR), coefficient of velocity of germination (CVG) greatly reduced, as well as mean germination time (MGT) increased with increasing salt stress. At high salt stress, BARI Mash-3 provided the highest GP reduction (28.58%), while the lowest was recorded (15.79% to control) in BARI Mash-1. Salinity have the negative impact on shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights. The highest (50.32% to control) and lowest reduction (36.39%) of shoot length were recorded in BARI Mash-2 and BARI Mash-1, respectively, under 150 mM NaCl saline conditions. There were significant reduction of root lengths, root fresh and dry weight, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weight in all genotypes under saline condition. The genotypes were arranged as BARI Mash-1 > BARI Mash-3 > BARI Mash-2, with respect to salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Metabolism of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two origins in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose M.F. Babarro ◽  
María José Fernández-Reiriz ◽  
Uxío Labarta
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
North West ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Ammonia Excretion Rate

Mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) was cultivated on a raft in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain), from seeding to thinning out, for 226 d (November 1995–July 1996) and two aspects of metabolism, oxygen consumption rate (VO2) and ammonia excretion rate (VNH4-N) were studied in situ.The model derived from multiple analysis of oxygen consumption accounted for 91.9% of the variance, based on dry weight of the mussels and the environmental factors quality of food (organic content) and mainly chlorophyll-a. Seed origin also showed significant influence. The seasonal pattern of the oxygen consumption can be attributed mainly to the variation of chlorophyll-a, which showed a higher range of values in the spring months.Origin of seed did not show a homogeneous effect on oxygen consumption throughout the cultivation period. Collector rope mussels showed higher oxygen consumption values at the beginning of the cultivation period and after the first 15 d, but the rocky shore mussels showed a higher oxygen consumption between days 22 and 110. Energy-conserving patterns and lower condition index at the onset of the experiment for rocky shore mussels could explain these initial differences.Multiple analysis on the variation of ammonia excretion rate provided a model that accounted for 72.6% of the variance based on dry weight of mussels, seed origin and the environmental parameters chlorophyll-a and total particulate matter. The rocky shore mussels showed a significantly higher excretion values for most of the cultivation period, although there was no constant tendency throughout. High excretion values were recorded between January and March, whilst for the rest of the cultivation period values were low.The O:N index was higher in collector rope mussels for most of the cultivation period, which may suggest a more favourable energy metabolism and/or a more appropriate nutritional state for these specimens.

scholarly journals No major thermogenic role for (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase apparent in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
D G Clark ◽  
M Brinkman ◽  
O H Filsell ◽  
S J Lewis ◽  
M N Berry
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphatase ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Dependent Atpase ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Isolated Liver

(Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity, heat production and oxygen consumption were increased by 59%, 62% and 75% respectively in hepatocytes from tri-iodothyronine-treated rats. Ouabain at concentrations of 1 and 10 mM decreased oxygen uptake by 2-8% in hepatocytes from euthyroid rats and by 5-15% in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid animals. Heat output was decreased by 4-9% with the glycoside in isolated liver parenchymal cells from the control animals and by 11% in the cells from the tri-iodothyronine-treated animals. These results do not support the hypothesis that hepatic (Na+ + K+)-ATPase plays a major role in increased heat production in hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats.

The effect of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis upon the respiration of its intermediate host, Gammarus pulex

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Rumpus ◽  
C. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Host Parasite

The respiration rates of individual Gammarus pulex infected by larval Pomphorhynchus laevis were investigated with particular reference to the stage of development of the host and parasite and to the water temperature. At 20°C the oxygen consumption of Gammarus of all sizes was reduced by an average of 19·3 % by the presence of cystacanths of the parasite, but was unaffected by the presence of acanthellae. It is considered that the small size of this larval stage, in relation to that of its host, is responsible for the failure to detect an effect. Multiple infections did not exert any greater effect upon host respiration than single cystacanths, nor did it appear that the parasite had different effects upon hosts of different sexes. At 10°C no significant differences were observed between the respiration rates of infected and uninfected gammarids. The parasite was probably still depressing the host respiration rate at this temperature, but the oxygen uptake of G. pulex is so low that the differences between infected and uninfected individuals were too small to be detected. The parasite has a direct effect upon the physiological processes of the host, but neither the mechanism of this nor the reasons for the different effects found in different host-parasite systems are yet understood. Despite the pronounced effect of P. laevis on respiration of individual hosts, its effect upon the oxygen consumption of a natural host population is small since only a small proportion of the population carries infections and water temperatures remain below 10°C for over half the year.

The Oxygen Consumption of an Echiuroid, Bonellia Viridis Rolando

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-434
Author(s):  
A. E. BRAFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

1. The oxygen consumption of the echiuroid Bonellia viridis has been investigated by means of a continuous-flow polarographic respirometer. 2. The general rate of oxygen consumption per unit dry weight is similar to that characteristic of polychaetes, and declines exponentially with increasing body size. 3. The rate of oxygen consumption rises in the light and falls again if darkness is restored. 4. The oxygen consumption of the isolated proboscis plus that of the isolated body region corresponds closely to that of the entire animal. 5. The oxygen consumption per unit dry weight of the proboscis is considerably higher than that of the body region. 6. The oxygen consumption of an isolated body region increases in the presence of light, but that of an isolated proboscis does not. 7. These findings are discussed in relation to the biology of the animal, observed muscular activity, and the occurrence of the pigment bonellin.

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