TRANSLOCATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO ROOTS OF PINE SEEDLINGS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shiroya ◽  
G. R. Lister ◽  
G. Krotkov ◽  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
V. Slankis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Pinus strobus or P. resinosa seedlings, 2 or 3 years old, were illuminated in a closed chamber for 1 hour in the presence of C14O2. This was followed by various periods up to 24 hours under different conditions of light and darkness. Then each seedling was divided into its shoot, stem, and roots, and these were extracted separately with 80% ethanol. The extracts were resolved first on resins into sugar, amino acid, and organic acid fractions and then resolved further by paper chromatography. The C14 content of various fractions and of the eluted compounds was determined by plating and counting their aliquots. Ethanol-insoluble residue was oxidized and counted as BaC14O3.Eight hours after administration of the C14O2, 91 to 94% of the total C14 was found in the ethanol-soluble fractions of shoot, stem, or root. In shoots sugars were found to represent more than 95% of the ethanol-soluble photosynthate, with sucrose forming three-quarters of it. In stem and roots sucrose represented from 75 to 94% of the translocated photosynthate. Raffinose, glucose, and fructose were present in both stem and root.Seedlings with poorly developed root systems translocated less photosynthate to roots than those with good roots. Seedlings, which prior to the experiments were grown in full sunlight or 2500 ft-c artificial illumination translocated more photosynthate to roots than those grown in 6% of full sunlight or 250 ft-c artificial light. Stronger light during translocation itself also had a slight stimulatory effect.Seedlings, which were illuminated in the presence of C14O2 for 1 hour and then retained in a closed chamber for a further period of 7 hours, translocated a larger fraction of absorbed C14 to their roots than comparable seedlings transferred to air after feeding C14O2.

EFFECT OF THE D GENOME ON THE PROTEIN OF THREE CULTIVARS OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. DRONZEK ◽  
P. J. KALTSIKES ◽  
W. BUSHUK
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Insoluble Protein ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Soluble Fractions

The protein compositions of the AABB tetraploid wheats derived from three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cultivars, Prelude, Rescue and Thatcher, were compared with those of their hexaploid counterparts. Quantitative distribution of the soluble protein fractions showed that all wheats contained similar quantities of albumins and globulins. Tetraploids of Rescue and Thatcher contained more gliadin, more glutenin and less insoluble residue protein than the corresponding hexaploids. In contrast, the tetraploid of Prelude contained similar amounts of gliadin, glutenin and insoluble protein residue as its hexaploid. Amino acid compositions of the flour and the solubility fractions for all wheats examined were essentially the same. Electrophoretic patterns of the proteins in the four soluble fractions showed that significant qualitative differences existed among the cultivars studied. The patterns for each extracted tetraploid and its hexaploid counterpart were essentially the same.

THE NATURE OF PHOTOSYNTHATE IN PINUS STROBUS SEEDLINGS

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Shiroya ◽  
G. Krotkov ◽  
C. D. Nelson ◽  
V. Slankis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Insoluble Residue ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Initial Separation ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Soluble C

Representatives of C14-labelled sugars, amino acids, and organic acids were placed on several different kinds of exchange resins and their absorption and elution from such resins was determined. From the data obtained, a combination of IR 120 in the H+ form and IRA 400 in the formate form was selected for the initial separation of pine extracts into their sugar, amino acid, and organic acid fractions. These fractions were resolved further by two-dimensional paper chromatography.Two-year-old Pinus strobus seedlings were illuminated in C14O2 for 8 hours either at 2500 or 250 ft-c. Then their shoots were extracted with 80% ethanol and the distribution of C14 in various components of the photosynthate was determined, as described above.The results obtained were essentially the same for seedlings illuminated either with 2500 or 250 ft-c. Not more than 10% of the absorbed C14 were found in the ethanol-insoluble residue. About 98% of the ethanol-soluble C14 were found in the sugar fraction, with the remaining 2% being about equally divided between the amino and organic acids. Sucrose formed about 75% of the sugar fraction, with glucose and fructose making up additional 20%. Only small amounts of raffinose were found.

Characterization of the bacterial flora associated with root systems of Pinus contorta var. latifolia

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1520-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Dangerfield ◽  
D. W. S. Westlake ◽  
F. D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Control Soil ◽  
Mature Tree ◽  
And Control

Root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Englem.) were removed from forest stands and the associated aerobic bacterial flora isolated. Characterization of rhizoplane and control soil isolates from these tree root systems demonstrated differences from that reported for agricultural crops. Ammonifying, proteolytic, and amylolytic organisms were proportionately reduced within the rhizoplane. The rhizoplane organisms grew more slowly than the control soil isolates, although they responded in greater numbers to the addition of an amino acid supplement to the growth media. The rhizoplane organisms also showed an increased ability to solubilize phosphate. The chitinolytic organisms were suppressed within the rhizoplane of the mature tree but were stimulated by the young trees. With this exception, the rhizoplane microflora of older and younger trees were similar.

scholarly journals Response of Polycrystalline Solar Cell Outputs to Visible Spectrum and other Light Sources-a Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4096
Author(s):  
Ayman Y. Al-Rawashdeh ◽  
Omar Albarbarawi ◽  
Ghazi Qaryouti
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Variable Response ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
Different Color ◽  
Color Filters ◽  
Sunlight Radiation

<p>In this case study, two polycrystalline solar modules were installed outdoors (irradiated by sunlight) and indoors (irradiated by artificial lights). The solar cells in both cases were installed using different color filters that allowed the passage of certain light frequencies. The amount of energy produced by each module were measured and compared to a reference module with no filter. The results indicated the variable response of polycrystalline solar cells to natural and artificial light sources, being more responsive in both cases to red band color as could be deduced from their % current outputs (72.5% sunlight radiation; 84.38% artificial light sources). Other colors, including yellow, green, orange and violet afforded acceptable outputs. The results indicated that electrical outputs of indoor solar cells decreased when colored filters were used, but red filter in general afforded the maximum outputs, for both the artificially radiated indoor and naturally radiated outdoor solar cells. The case study suggests the possible complementary advantage of using indoor mounted solar cells for the production of electricity during artificial illumination period of the day.</p>

EXPERIMENTS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHT: NECESSITY FOR PROPERLY IDENTIFYING THE SOURCE

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. R. Philogène
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Artificial Illumination

The use of artificial illumination in entomological studies is extensive. Incandescent and fluorescent lights are used in mass-rearing insects necessary for physiological and ecological studies, and in photoperiod-controlled as well as in electrophysiological experiments.One of the main problems facing investigators in the interpretation of their results or in comparing these to preceding reports is the plethora of ways in which experimental conditions involving light are reported. Here are some examples: “The ants were kept under fluorescent light from 0800 to 2000 hours; light intensity on the ants was about 400 lux” (McCluskey 1965).

Influence of Tylenchorhynchus ewingi on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, and host suitability of legumes and small grains

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Fraedrich ◽  
Michelle M. Cram ◽  
Zafar A. Handoo ◽  
Stanley J. Zarnoch
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Production Losses

Tylenchorhynchus ewingi, a stunt nematode, causes severe injury to slash pine seedlings and has been recently associated with stunting and chlorosis of loblolly pine seedlings at some forest tree nurseries in southern USA. Experiments confirmed that loblolly pine is a host for T. ewingi, and that the nematode is capable of causing severe damage to root systems. Initial population densities as low as 60 nematodes (100 cm3 soil)−1 were sufficient to damage the root systems of loblolly pine seedlings. Populations of T. ewingi increased on pine from two- to 16-fold, depending on the initial population density. Evaluations of various cover crops used in southern forest tree nurseries indicated that legumes, rye and several varieties of sorghum were excellent hosts for T. ewingi. Other small grains such as ryegrass, oats and wheat were poorer hosts. A cultivar of pearl millet was a non-host for T. ewingi, and a cultivar of brown top millet appeared to be either a very poor host or a non-host. Nurseries that have seedling production losses caused by T. ewingi should consider rotating with non-host cover crops such as pearl millet or leaving fields fallow as part of their pest management programme.

Sclerotia of the Gasteromycete Pisolithus tinctorius

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1505-1507 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Hyphal masses, morphologically identified as the sclerotia of Pisolithus tinctorius, were found associated with root systems of containerized pine seedlings inoculated with this mycorrhizal fungus. The sclerotia are described and the results and method used for isolation are reported.

scholarly journals Productivity of seedlings of Scots pine on alluvial sands of natural and man-made origin

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-94
Author(s):  
F.M Brovko ◽  
D.F Brovko ◽  
O.F Brovko ◽  
V.Yu Yukhnovskyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Water Properties ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Quantitative Indicators

Purpose. To find out quantitative physical and water indicators for which there are significant changes in forest vegetation properties in alluvial sands, as well as to trace their impact on the formation of pine seedling root systems and the accumulation of aboveground phytomass in their plantations. Methodology. The chemical properties of sandy soils were determined taking into account the current requirements of ISO, and their physical and water properties using volumetric cylinders, followed by the calculation of their density, porosity, as well as the coefficients of water content and aeration. The root population of the upper meter layer of sands was determined by the method of monoliths, and plant productivity was assessed by phytomass of medium model trees (7-year-old seedlings, plots 14) and by biometric indicators (22-year-old seedlings, plots 59). Findings. It was found that on alluvial sands with a density of 1.501.66 g × cm-3 in their upper meter thickness, 7-year-old seedlings of Scots pine form a superficial root system (1341.8 g × m-2), which provides accumulation of 2558 kg × ha-1 of aboveground phytomass in seedlings. As the density of sands increases, the production of seedling phytomass decreases. In the case of an increase in density by 14% (1.521.72 g × cm-3), there is a decrease in the mass of roots, in a meter-thick layer of sand (by 53.4%) and aboveground phytomass (by 36%). An increase in the density of sands by 510% with its maximum values (1.741.79 g × cm-3) in a 1030 cm layer causes a decrease in the mass of pine roots by 64.1%. The roots of pine seedlings, for such a density of sand, are not able to inhabit the inter-row space, as indicated by their content in the upper 20-cm layer of sand (2% of the mass of small roots recorded in a one-meter thickness). The phytomass of aboveground organs decreased by 81%, and the seedlings themselves were marked by dwarf growth (were grown by V class of productivity). On sands covered with humus mass of zonal soils, the one meter thickness contained fewer (by 51.4%) pine roots (482.8 g × m-2) than on the control. The share of small roots was smaller (by 61.5%) and that of coarse roots was higher (by 21.5%). Losses of aboveground phytomass per unit area in pine seedlings growing under such conditions can reach 31%, due to the compaction of sands at a depth of 2550 cm (1.671.72 g × cm-3) when they are covered by humus mass and row spacing are overgrown with herbaceous plants (root mass in 60-cm profile 3147 g × m-2) in the phase of their individual growth. Originality. Quantitative indicators of density, porosity and coefficients of water content and aeration of alluvial sands of natural and man-made origin are shown for which the seedlings of Scots pine feature delay in the formation of full-fledged root systems of the surface type, which is reflected in a decrease in the productivity of pine plantations cultivated on the sands, up to the visual manifestation of their dwarf growth. Practical value. The quantitative indicators of their physical and water properties obtained for alluvial sands explain the changes occurring in the structure of the root systems of Scots pine seedlings and the productivity of their aboveground organs. Maintaining the density of sands in the range of 1.501.66 g × cm-3 will allow growing pine seedlings on sands without covering their surface with humus mass, and no-till pre-planting loosening of sands in the rows of future crops allows ensuring the cultivation of multifunctional pine plantations.

scholarly journals Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome A. Krueger ◽  
Klaus J. Puettmann
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Abstract White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.

A PORTABLE LIGHT FRAME FOR ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION OF PLANTS

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-175
Author(s):  
Peter W. Voisey ◽  
W. Kalbfleisch
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Expensive Equipment ◽  
Artificial Illumination

A portable high-intensity artificial light fixture was developed to secure the maximum in flexibility and utility in this type of expensive equipment. The frame is made of aluminum, the electrical switch gear is movable and the entire assembly can be located or installed at any location where there is a source of power.

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