EFFECT OF RUST-INHIBITING COMPOUNDS ON THE METABOLISM OF WHEAT LEAVES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
R. Rohringer ◽  
Clayton Person
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Puccinia Recondita ◽  
In Vivo Metabolism ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Lower Recovery

Healthy leaves of Little Club wheat (Triticum compactum Host.) and leaves infected by leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. race 5) were detached and floated for 3 days on solutions containing 10 p.p.m. canavanine, 0.1% azathymine, 0.125% dulcitol, and 0.1% methionine. Leaf samples were fed with uniformly labelled glucose for 24 hours, fractionated, and the C14-content of each fraction was determined. Compared with controls, canavanine slightly reduced the amount of C14in amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins while 6-azathymine markedly reduced the amount of C14in nucleic acids and proteins. Treatment with dulcitol resulted in a lower recovery of C14from all fractions other than sugars while methionine had little effect on the distribution of C14from glucose. Quantitative analyses showed a marked increase in amino acids after canavanine, 6-azathymine, and methionine treatments and a reduced level of nucleic acids after treatment with canavanine and azathymine.Canavanine had no effect on the incorporation of arginine and glutamic acid into leaf proteins while 6-azathymine inhibited the incorporation of adenine into nucleic acids. It was not possible to relate the changes that occurred following these treatments to the in vivo metabolism of the rust fungus.

The metabolism of acetate by rumen microorganisms

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Emmanuel ◽  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
B. V. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Acetate Metabolism ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range

Rumen contents were incubated in vitro with acetate-1-14C. Significant amounts of 14C were incorporated into rumen microbial proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Serine, glutamic acid, methionine, and cystine were highly labeled, whereas less, or insignificant radioactivity was found in other amino acids. Acetate was incorporated into a wide range of microbial fatty acids. The quantitative significance of acetate metabolism is discussed.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacteriophage Lambda Excisionase Mutants Defective in DNA Binding

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (20) ◽  
pp. 5807-5812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Hee Cho ◽  
Renato Alcaraz ◽  
Richard I. Gumport ◽  
Jeffrey F. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Cooperative Interaction ◽  
Mutant Proteins ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Factor For Inversion Stimulation ◽  
Α Helix

ABSTRACT The bacteriophage λ excisionase (Xis) is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein required for excisive recombination. Xis binds cooperatively to two DNA sites arranged as direct repeats on the phage DNA. Efficient excision is achieved through a cooperative interaction between Xis and the host-encoded factor for inversion stimulation as well as a cooperative interaction between Xis and integrase. The secondary structure of the Xis protein was predicted to contain a typical amphipathic helix that spans residues 18 to 28. Several mutants, defective in promoting excision in vivo, were isolated with mutations at positions encoding polar amino acids in the putative helix (T. E. Numrych, R. I. Gumport, and J. F. Gardner, EMBO J. 11:3797–3806, 1992). We substituted alanines for the polar amino acids in this region. Mutant proteins with substitutions for polar amino acids in the amino-terminal region of the putative helix exhibited decreased excision in vivo and were defective in DNA binding. In addition, an alanine substitution at glutamic acid 40 also resulted in altered DNA binding. This indicates that the hydrophilic face of the α-helix and the region containing glutamic acid 40 may form the DNA binding surfaces of the Xis protein.

SOURCES OF CARBON FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS IN ATTACHED PHOTOSYNTHESIZING WHEAT LEAVES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 985-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hellebust ◽  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Considerable Portion ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Attached, rapidly growing wheat leaves were allowed to photoassimilate C14O2 and C12O2 alternately. Samples of leaves were collected after each period of photosynthesis and were analyzed for amounts and total activities of soluble sugars and amino acids, and protein amino acids. The leaves were also analyzed for protein nitrogen and amounts and total activities of respired carbon. Samples of roots were also collected and the amounts, total activities, and specific activities of their soluble compounds were determined. It was possible to calculate from these data the proportions of carbon entering some protein amino acids which came either from soluble amino acid pools or by a direct route from photosynthate, bypassing the soluble pools. More than half of the carbon entering protein-bound serine and glycine was derived from newly assimilated CO2, while protein glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine derived more of their carbon from the soluble amino acid pools. Analysis of the data from roots indicated that a considerable portion of the carbon translocated from the leaves was derived from newly assimilated CO2. There was some indication that protein turnover took place, but it was concluded that proteins could not have contributed significantly as substrates for respiration in these leaves.

scholarly journals Vectorizing Pro-Insecticide: Influence of Linker Length on Insecticidal Activity and Phloem Mobility of New Tralopyril Derivatives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4570
Author(s):  
Tian Xing Li ◽  
Yao Chen ◽  
Hui Fang Liu ◽  
Chi Yu Ma ◽  
Wen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
In Vivo Metabolism ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Phloem Sap ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phloem Mobility

To improve the proinsecticidal activity and phloem mobility of amino acid–tralopyril conjugates further, nine conjugates were designed and synthesized by introducing glutamic acid to tralopyril, and the length of the linker between glutamic acid and tralopyril ranged from 2 atoms to 10 atoms. The results of insecticidal activity against the third-instar larvae of P. xylostella showed that conjugates 42, 43, 44, and 45 (straight-chain containing 2–5 atoms) exhibited good insecticidal activity, and their LC50 values were 0.2397 ± 0.0366, 0.4413 ± 0.0647, 0.4400 ± 0.0624, and 0.4602 ± 0.0655 mM, respectively. The concentrations of conjugates 43–45 were higher than that of conjugate 42 in the phloem sap at 2 h, and conjugate 43 showed the highest concentration. The introduction of glutamic acid can improve phloem mobility. The in vivo metabolism of conjugates 42 and 43 was investigated in P. xylostella, and the parent compound tralopyril was detected at concentrations of 0.5950 and 0.3172 nmol/kg, respectively. According to the above results, conjugates 42 and 43 were potential phloem mobile pro-insecticide candidates.

Effects in vivo and in vitro of l-glutamic acid-γ-hydrazide on metabolism of some free amino acids in brain and liver

1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 1831-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Tapia ◽  
Herminia Pasantes ◽  
Berta G. Ortega ◽  
Guillermo H. Massieu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino

PATHWAYS LEADING TO THE FORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS AND AMIDES IN LEAVES

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1623-1638 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. S. Bidwell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Labelling Pattern ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Succinic Semialdehyde ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Krebs Cycle Intermediates

C14-labelled substrates were supplied to leaves, and the labelling patterns in derived amino acids were examined. A new technique is described for the ninhydrin decarboxylation of amino acids separated on paper chromatograms, making use of the Dynacon electrometer. Succinate-1,4-C14, succinate-2,3-C14, pyruvate-1-C14, pyruvate-2-C14, pyruvate-3-C14, C14O2, and glutamate-1-C14 were supplied to wheat leaves, and the total C14 and carboxyl-C14 in alanine, aspartate, glutamate, asparagine, and glutamine were determined. The results indicated that the amino acids and amides were formed mainly from the corresponding Krebs cycle intermediates. Carbon entered the Krebs cycle mainly by decarboxylation of pyruvate, but partly by its carboxylation. Extensive cycling did not occur. Various other suggested pathways, including the conversion of succinate to glutamic acid via succinic semialdehyde and γ-aminobutyrate followed by carboxylation, did not occur.When glucose-UL-C14 was supplied to pea or bean seedlings, the labelling pattern in alanine and glutamine indicated their derivation from glucose via glycolysis and Krebs cycle pathways. However, the pattern in asparagine indicated that it may have been formed from products of glyoxalate cycle.

scholarly journals Optimization of amino acid-stabilized erythropoietin parenteral formulation: In vitro and in vivo assessment

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahgat E. Fayed ◽  
Abdulkader F. Tawfik ◽  
Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Parenteral Formulation ◽  
Viral Contamination ◽  
Maximum Stability ◽  
Initial Adsorption

AbstractThe aim of this study was to optimize the formulation of erythropoietin (EPO) using amino acids instead of human serum albumin (HSA) and to evaluate itsin vivostability in order to avoid the risk of viral contamination and antigenicity. Different EPO formulations were developed in such a way as to allow studying the effects of amino acids and surfactants on the EPO stability profile. The main techniques applied for EPO analysis were ELISA, Bradford method, and SDS gel electrophoresis. Thein vivostability was evaluated in a Balb-c mouse animal model. The results showed that the presence of surfactant was very useful in preventing the initial adsorption of EPO on the walls of vials and in minimizing protein aggregation. Amino acid combinations, glycine with glutamic acid, provided maximum stability. Formulation F4 (containing glycine, glutamic acid and Tween 20) showed minimum aggregation and degradation andin vivoactivity equivalent to commercially available HSA-stabilized EPO (Eprex®).

EXTRACTION AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANOREXIGENIC AND FAT-MOBILIZING SUBSTANCES FROM RAT URINE

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton ◽  
A. J. Szlavko ◽  
J. A. F. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Rat Urine ◽  
Layer Chromatography

An anorexigenic and fat-mobilizing substance (FMS I), extracted from the urine of fasting rats, has been further fractionated into two materials, FMS IA and FMS IB, soluble in alkaline solution or water respectively. These two fractions have been shown to be chemically distinct by thin layer chromatography, electrophoresis, and analyses for nitrogen, carbohydrate, hexosamine, phosphorus, and "cholesterol". Further, the lipolytic activities of these extracts in vitro differ and are in the order FMS IB > FMS I > FMS IA. It has been tentatively concluded that FMS I and IA contain the 17 amino acids tryptophane, phenylalanine, leucine, arginine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, alanine, proline, serine, histidine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cystine, threonine, and lysine. FMS IB appears to contain the same amino acids with the exception of valine (which is absent). These are complex substances, the precise nature of which remains to be elucidated. It appears that the anorexigenic property of FMS I is attributable to the IA component, and the fat-mobilizing property in vivo to the IB component.

Exosome as a Natural Gene Delivery Vector for Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 821-830
Author(s):  
Prasad Pofali ◽  
Adrita Mondal ◽  
Vaishali Londhe
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Gene Delivery ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Gene Carrier ◽  
Gene Delivery Vector ◽  
Delivery Vector

Background: Current gene therapy vectors such as viral, non-viral, and bacterial vectors, which are used for cancer treatment, but there are certain safety concerns and stability issues of these conventional vectors. Exosomes are the vesicles of size 40-100 nm secreted from multivesicular bodies into the extracellular environment by most of the cell types in-vivo and in-vitro. As a natural nanocarrier, exosomes are immunologically inert, biocompatible, and can cross biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier, intestinal barrier, and placental barrier. Objective: This review focusses on the role of exosome as a carrier to efficiently deliver a gene for cancer treatment and diagnosis. The methods for loading of nucleic acids onto the exosomes, advantages of exosomes as a smart intercellular shuttle for gene delivery and therapeutic applications as a gene delivery vector for siRNA, miRNA and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and also the limitations of exosomes as a gene carrier are all reviewed in this article. Methods: Mostly, electroporation and chemical transfection are used to prepare gene loaded exosomes. Results: Exosome-mediated delivery is highly promising and advantageous in comparison to the current delivery methods for systemic gene therapy. Targeted exosomes, loaded with therapeutic nucleic acids, can efficiently promote the reduction of tumor proliferation without any adverse effects. Conclusion: In the near future, exosomes can become an efficient gene carrier for delivery and a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

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