NUTRITIONAL STUDIES ON THE GENUS HIRSUTELLA: II. NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN A SYNTHETIC MEDIUM

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nutritional Studies

The growth responses of Hirsutella gigantea to different nitrogen sources were studied. Experiments showed that the mycelium hydrolyzate contained at least 14 of the amino acids, that the fungus was unable to utilize inorganic nitrogenous compounds, that ammonium tartrate was inferior to amino-nitrogen, and that the L or DL isomers of the different amino acids induced better growth than did the D form.The 10 most suitable nitrogen sources in order of decreasing growth were: L-glutamic acid, L-tyrosine, ammonium tartrate, DL-aspartic acid, L-proline, L-arginine, L-leucine, DL-α-alanine, DL-serine, and DL-histidine. The total yield, however, obtained in a synthetic medium with each of these substances was shown to be directly dependent upon the quantity of inoculum used. The enhanced growth resulting from the addition of increased inoculum is ascribed to accessory growth factors carried over with the mycelial fragments despite six washings in saline.The maximum growth of H. gigantea developed in a dextrose–salts medium containing L-glutamic acid as a source of nitrogen, and yeast extract, inoculum filtrate, and liver fraction "L" as a source of growth factors.The lack of uniformity associated with nutritional studies conducted in chemically defined media has been briefly mentioned.

THE UTILIZATION OF PURINES, PYRIMIDINES, AND INORGANIC NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS BY EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Jordan ◽  
C. L. San Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Growth Initiation

Ammonium chloride was not utilized by three strains of Rhizobium meliloti as the sole source of nitrogen in a sucrose medium, unless either amino or certain non-nitrogenous carboxylic acids were also present. This was also essentially true for the utilization of nitrate, nitrite, purines, and pyrimidines, all of which are potentially able to form ammonia. These results may be interpreted on the assumption that washed cells of alfalfa – sweet clover rhizobia require, for growth initiation in a nitrogen-free medium, either preformed amino acids or compounds such as ammonia and certain carboxylic acids from which amino acids can be synthesized. Since α-ketoglutarate was extremely active in promoting growth in a medium containing ammonium chloride it was implied that the ammonia may be fixed by L-glutamic acid dehydrogenase activity, especially since this particular enzyme was located in these organisms. No aspartase activity could be demonstrated. The ineffective strain differed from the effective strains in that it was unable to use purines or pyrimidines as accessory nitrogen sources in amino acid media. This was a result of strain variation and it was not coupled with the state of ineffectiveness itself. A synthetic medium has been formulated for further growth studies on washed Rhizobium cells and for investigations on auxotrophic mutants of these bacteria.

The influence of diet on the nitrogenous components passing to the duodenum and through the lower ileum of sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 166 (1002) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Ileum

Analyses of the alimentary contents flowing to the duodenum of sheep during 24 h show that when the sheep are consuming a low-nitrogen diet more total nitrogen and amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum than are eaten daily in the food whereas when the sheep are eating high nitrogen diets, less total nitrogen and less amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum. The disparity between the total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content of the diets largely disappeared by the time the alimentary contents reached the terminal part of the ileum. From 64 to 68% of the nitrogen entering the duodenum and 54 to 64% of the nitrogen in the ileal contents was in the form of amino nitrogen. Proportionately more of the amino nitrogen was in solution in the ileal contents than in the duodenal contents. Losses of amino acids in the stomach when a high-nitrogen diet was consumed were especially large for glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, arginine and leucine. They were least for cystine and threonine. Gains of amino acids in the stomach when low nitrogen diets were consumed were all substantial except for proline, where a loss was found when hay and flaked maize were given. When these changes are considered as proportions of the quantities eaten then trends are similar for all acids. Changes in the molar proportions of the amino acids present in hydrolysates of the duodenal and ileal contents are discussed together with the significance of these changes in relation to the nutrition of the sheep.

EFFECT OF AMMONIUM NITROGEN AND AMINO ACIDS ON PERITHECIAL FORMATION OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. ROSS ◽  
FRANCES D. J. BREMNER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Ammonium Carbonate ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Appreciable Change ◽  
The Media

Perithecia of Venturia inaequalis did not form in a basal medium to which was added ammonium sulfate, chloride, phosphate or tartrate as the sole sources of nitrogen, when the pH of the medium was allowed to fall to inhibitory levels. Perithecia formed with these ammonium salts as nitrogen sources when calcium carbonate was added to control the pH. With ammonium carbonate and oxalate there was no appreciable change in pH, and perithecia formed with these salts as nitrogen sources. Perithecia did not form in media with leucine as a nitrogen source. Formation of perithecia with other amino acids depended on the concentration of amino-nitrogen in the media. A substance toxic to perithecial formation may form in cultures containing leucine; if so, it is produced in different amounts by the two isomers and the racemic mixture of this amino acid.

Nitrogen nutrition and regulation of cephalosporin production in Streptomyces clavuligerus

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Aharonowitz ◽  
Arnold L. Demain
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Streptomyces Clavuligerus ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Repressive Effect

When used as sole nitrogen source, certain amino acids (e.g., proline, asparagine) supported both growth and sporulation by Streptomyces clavuligerus streaked onto solid defined medium. Ammonium supported growth but suppressed sporulation. Amino nitrogen was best for cephalosporin production in liquid defined medium, although urea was almost as useful. A comparison of amino acids showed asparagine and glutamine to be the best nitrogen sources and arginine to be almost as good. Ammonium salts supported a somewhat lower growth rate than asparagine, but antibiotic production was very poor on these inorganic nitrogen sources. Addition of ammonium to asparagine did not affect growth rate but increased mycelial mass; cephalosporin production was reduced by about 75%. Antibiotic production was more closely associated with growth in the absence of ammonium than in its presence, indicating a strong inhibitory and (or) repressive effect of NH4+ on antibiotic production. Ammonium exerted its negative effect when added at 24 h or earlier, i.e. before antibiotic formation began.

Some nutritional aspects of the biology of ericaceous mycorrhizas

1985 ◽  
Vol 85 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 317-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Read ◽  
R. Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Acid Protease ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Infection ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Low Concentrations

SynopsisSome aspects of the role of the ericoid mycorrhizal symbiosis in the ecology and physiology of ericaceous plants are described. Mycorrhizal infection leads to enhancement of plant nitrogen content and an experimental analysis of the basis of this effect is reported. In addition to improving the efficiency of ammonium absorption at low concentrations, the mycorrhizal endophyte utilises amino acids, peptides and proteins as nitrogen substrates for growth. These are the predominant nitrogen sources in organic heathland soil. It is suggested that the success of ericaceous plants in such soils may arise through the capacity of the mycorrhizal fungus to provide its host with access to this nutrient resource. A model is described in which absorption of ammonium and amino nitrogen leads to soil acidification, increased acid protease activity and improved vigour of the ericaceous plants.

Nitrogen requirements of the fungal endophytes of Arundina chinensis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Stephen ◽  
K. K. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of two Rhizoctonia fungus endophytes of the orchid Arundina chinensis are reported. Both isolates were capable of using ammonium and organic nitrogen but not nitrate or atmospheric nitrogen. Glutamic acid and urea were the best of the nitrogen sources tested followed by arginine, then asparagine. Proline and methionine were not used. The addition of a mixture of vitamins to the amino acids increased growth of one of the isolates but not the other. Yeast extract supported greatest growth.

scholarly journals The Relation of the Composition of the Culture Medium to the Formation of Endospores by Aerobic Bacilli

1932 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. A. Tarr
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Spore Formation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Spore formation in eight typical members of the genusBacillushas been studied.2. Three of these strains, including one species ofB. anthracis, have been found to be practically asporogenous under the experimental conditions. In general the following statements hold good for the sporogenous races studied.3. Spore formation is almost, or entirely, inhibited by cultivation on media rich in amino acids, such as tryptic digests of casein or meat. Similar inhibition results following cultivation on a medium containing reasonably high concentrations of a mixture of amino acids and asparagine.4. When such media are suitably diluted with standard inorganic salt solutions the percentage of spores formed is greatly increased, and frequently at least 99 per cent. of spores are formed if the dilution is sufficiently high.5. When simple nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids are added to a dilute casein digest medium in which sporulation is almost complete, a definite decrease in the percentage of spores present is observed. Asparagine, which is probably readily assimilated, apparently completely hinders spore formation in most cases. Other amino acids do not exert so pronounced an effect, and ammonium phosphate does not appreciably inhibit the formation of spores.6. The fact that the addition of glycine suppresses growth markedly when it is added to a dilute casein digest medium, but does not appreciably hinder sporulation, suggests that the formation of spores is not due to any toxic effect of added compounds, or compounds already present in the medium.7. Sporulation is almost complete in a “synthetic” medium in which low concentrations of ammonium phosphate and sucrose represent the sources of nitrogen and carbon, respectively. However, frequent transfers in such a medium may inhibit spore formation partially or entirely in certain instances. This effect probably depends upon the enhanced ability of the culture in question to utilise sucrose as a source of carbon when cultivated constantly in its presence.8. It is concluded, from the above data, that endospore formation in aerobic bacilli bears an inverse relationship to the amount of available nutrient material present in the culture medium.I am indebted to Prof. Sir F. G. Hopkins and Miss M. Stephenson for their constant encouragement during the progress of this work. My thanks are due to Mr Pirie of this Department who kindly furnished me with several of the amino acids employed, and to Dr Miles of the Department of Pathology for his kindness in supplying me with certain of the cultures.

Simplified Colorimetry of α-Amino Nitrogen in Plasma, Serum, or Urine

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Lorentz ◽  
Barbara Flatter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Prior Treatment ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexes ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

Abstract We describe a simple procedure for estimating amino acids, based on the formation of charge-transfer complexes with p-benzoquinone. The reaction is insensitive to ammonia, urea, purines, creatinine, and other nitrogenous compounds present in serum or urine, except amines, peptides, and proteins. The reagent is cheap, stable, and does not require prior treatment of urine before determination. Specifity, precision, and normal values of this method are reported and compared with those obtained by a colorimetric ninhydrin technique.

Effect of various nitrogen sources on growth of Sclerotinia

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1035-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Nitrate Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potassium Nitrite

A wide range in growth responses was obtained by two isolates each of Sclerotinia trifoliorum Erikss. and S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) d By. in stationary culture in a synthetic liquid medium containing a number of nitrogen sources representing both organic and inorganic forms. Good sources of nitrogen were casein hydrolysate, L-proline, DL-asparagine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, L-alanine, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, L-tryptophan, ammonium sulfate, and DL-phenylalanine. Poor nitrogen sources included potassium nitrite, sodium nitrite, DL-lysine, L-valine, L-cysteine, DL-threonine, and DL-methionine. An additional eight sources were intermediate in the amount of growth supported. Growth by the S. trifoliorum isolates on the ammonium nitrogen sources was significantly greater than on the nitrate sources. No such difference was observed for the S. sclerotiorum isolates. DL-Phenylalanine ranked much lower and L-glutamic acid and calcium nitrate much higher as nitrogen sources for the S. sclerotiorum isolates than for S. trifoliorum isolates. Significant differences between the isolates of each species were observed on a number of nitrogen sources.

Growths and Concentrations of Mineral Elements of Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis l.) as Affected by Nitrogen Sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 127-130
Author(s):  
Hua Jing Wang ◽  
Jin Li ◽  
Liang Huan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Brassica Chinensis ◽  
Hydroponic Experiment

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to determine influences of partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium and 20 amino acids of alanine (Ala), valine (Val), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), proline (Pro), phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophane (Trp), methionine (Met), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), histidine (His), glycine (Gly), serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), tyrosine (Tyr), asparagines (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) on growths and concentrations of mineral elements of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.). Most of amino acids inhibit shoot growths of pakchoi. Different amino acids have various effects on concentrations of calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in shoots of pakchoi. There are differences in shoot fresh weights, dry weights and concentrations of mineral elements of pakchoi supplied with amino acids and ammonium.

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