SNOW MOLD INFECTION OF ALFALFA, GRASSES, AND WINTER WHEAT BY SEVERAL FUNGI UNDER ARTIFICIAL CONDITIONS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack ◽  
J. B. Lebeau
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Saturated Atmosphere ◽  
Alfalfa Varieties ◽  
Highly Virulent

Snow mold infection by an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete and Typhula spp. developed best under artificial conditions when inoculated plants in pots were incubated for 2 months at 2 °C with 80 to 90% R.H. in the special cabinets described or with other covering. A saturated atmosphere was detrimental to mycelial growth and infection. Freezing temperatures and complete host dormancy were not required but greenhouse-grown plants benefited from prior conditioning for 2 weeks at 2° to 5 °C with light for 8 hours daily. The reactions of alfalfa varieties, creeping red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, red top, timothy, and winter wheat to the low-temperature basidiomycete were similar to those previously observed in the field. T. idahoensis Remsb. caused moderate to severe damage and T. itoana Imai caused slight to moderate damage to the grasses and winter wheat. Typhula sp. from alfalfa was highly virulent to that host. The low-temperature basidiomycete was the only snow mold organism tested that synthesized HCN in culture or in the plant tissues.Sclerolinia borealis Bub. & Vleug. caused slight damage to winter wheat and grasses after 3 months at 2 °C but did not develop well under any of the conditions employed.

WINTER CROWN ROT OR SNOW MOLD OF ALFALFA, CLOVERS, AND GRASSES IN ALBERTA: I. OCCURRENCE, PARASITISM, AND SPREAD OF THE PATHOGEN

1948 ◽  
Vol 26c (1) ◽  
pp. 71-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Red Clover ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Radial Spread

Winter crown rot or snow mold of alfalfa, clovers, and grasses, caused by an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete, is widespread and often of major importance in the central and northern areas of Alberta and Saskatchewan. For example, during a six year period an average of 62% of the alfalfa stands examined in west-central Alberta were affected, and the average estimated damage was 10%. Severe damage also occurs in alsike and white Dutch clover, and in timothy, red top, and creeping red fescue. The disease is less prevalent in red clover, Kentucky bluegrass, and meadow fescue, and seldom occurs in brome grass, crested wheat grass, and slender wheat grass. Iris and other garden perennials, as well as dandelion, quack grass, and various wild plants are also damaged.The pathogen attacks the dormant plants beneath the snow during the first thaw in the late winter or early spring. The plants are killed or weakened in irregular patches as the result of rotting of the crown buds and tissues. These symptoms are distinct from those of true winter killing, with which the damage has been confused. The pathogen is difficult to isolate, except at a temperature near freezing from superficial mycelium or freshly infected tissues.The results of infection experiments in the field and under controlled conditions indicate that the development of the disease is associated with physiological changes in the host. Inoculated alfalfa plants brought inside at weekly intervals became susceptible at dates varying from late November to late December in different seasons. Infection was most severe under the conditions provided by a slowly melting snow cover and was also influenced by soil temperature, soil moisture, and growth of the pathogen.The pathogen appears to spread mainly by means of mycelium, since no sporulating stage has been found. The mycelium spreads both above and below ground at the time of the first spring thaw. The distance of radial spread, as measured by killing of the plants, varied in different years from 2.7 to 7.5 in. in dense alfalfa stands, and from 0. 5 to 6.0 in. in bare land.

Effect of freezing resistance and low-temperature stress on development of cottony snow mold (Coprinus psychromorbidus) in winter wheat

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1610-1615 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Gaudet ◽  
T. H. H. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Low Temperature Stress ◽  
Freezing Resistance ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Mold Resistance

The relationship between snow mold resistance and freezing resistance was studied under controlled-environment conditions, using winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) cultivars varying in freezing resistance and resistance to cottony snow mold (Coprinus psychromorbidus Redhead & Traquair). Cultivars varying in freezing resistance were equally susceptible to C. psychromorbidus. There existed a negative relationship between snow mold resistance and freezing resistance. Sublethal, subzero freezing temperatures between −3 and −12 °C predisposed the winter wheat cultivar 'Winalta' to increased damage by C. psychromorbidus. A synergistic effect resulting in increased mortality was observed when winter wheat plants received a combination of low-temperature stress and inoculation with C. psychromorbidus. In hardened winter wheat plants, sublethal levels of snow mold damage following 6 weeks incubation with C. psychromorbidus resulted in a reduction in freezing resistance or LT50 (50% killing temperature) of approximately 7 °C compared with the noninoculated controls. The possible role of low-temperature stress on the susceptibility of winter wheats to C. psychromorbidus and of snow mold infection on the retention of freezing resistance in winter wheats during winter in the central and northern Canadian prairies is discussed.

THE EVALUATION OF COLD AND DROUGHT STRESS OF TURFGRASSES BY ELECTROLYTIC AND NINHYDRIN METHODS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cordukes ◽  
J. Wilner ◽  
V. T. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Visual Recovery ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Low Temperature Treatments

Electrolytic analyses of fresh blade tissue provided a rapid and reliable estimate of cold or drought stress of several turfgrasses in artificial laboratory tests. Resistance and conductivity readings and ninhydrin analyses were in close agreement with visual recovery of plant material following artificial low temperature treatments. In drought tests, electrolytic analyses clearly indicated the superiority of creeping red fescue over Kentucky bluegrass in drought tolerance.

Alterations in cell walls of winter wheat roots during low temperature acclimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 152 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey I. Zabotin ◽  
Tatyana S. Barisheva ◽  
Olga A. Zabotina ◽  
Irina A. Larskaya ◽  
Vera V. Lozovaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Wheat Roots

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Winter Wheat and Triticale to Yellow Rust Influenced by Complex Interactions between Vernalisation, Temperature, Plant Growth Stage and Pathogen Race

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Rodriguez-Algaba ◽  
Chris K. Sørensen ◽  
Rodrigo Labouriau ◽  
Annemarie F. Justesen ◽  
Mogens S. Hovmøller
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Disease Susceptibility ◽  
Yellow Rust ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Rust Susceptibility ◽  
Adult Plants ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Environmental factors influence the disease susceptibility of crop plants. In this study, we established an experimental system to investigate the effects of vernalisation, temperature and plant growth stage on the susceptibility of winter wheat and winter triticale to Puccinia striiformis, the causal agent of yellow (stripe) rust. Two temperature regimes: standard (18 °C day/12 °C night) and low (12 °C day/6 °C night), vernalised and non-vernalised seedlings, vernalised adult plants and two pathogen races were investigated. At low temperatures, vernalisation reduced the susceptibility of seedlings exposed to the ‘Warrior’ race, while this was only the case for five out of eight varieties exposed to the ‘Kranich’ race. Changing from standard to low temperature resulted in increased susceptibility of non-vernalised seedlings of seven varieties inoculated with the ‘Warrior’ race and five varieties inoculated with the ‘Kranich’ race. Increased susceptibility at low temperature was also detected for several varieties at the adult plant growth stage. Comparisons between vernalised seedlings and adult plants revealed an effect of plant growth stage on disease susceptibility (e.g., Adult Plant Resistance) in five varieties at standard temperature for the ‘Warrior’ race and in five and four varieties at standard and low temperature respectively, for the ‘Kranich’ race. The complex and unpredictable interactions between environment and pathogen influencing yellow rust susceptibility of individual varieties stress the importance of phenotyping for disease resistance under different environmental conditions and pathogen populations. The environmental impact on rust susceptibility should also be taken into account in early-warning systems targeting wheat and triticale breeding programmes and growers.

Low-Temperature Adaptation of Winter Wheat Seedlings under Excessive Zinc Content in the Root Medium

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-770
Author(s):  
N. M. Kaznina ◽  
Yu. V. Batova ◽  
G. F. Laidinen ◽  
E. G. Sherudilo ◽  
A. F. Titov
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Root Medium ◽  
Low Temperature Adaptation
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