VIRUS IN WILD PLANTS

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 793-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. MacClement ◽  
Marilyn G. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Commercial Crop

An investigation of wild plants indicates that there are very few species which are free from possible virus infection. In comparison with this, most flowering plants growing under the surface of open water show a low but significant amount of virus. The indicated level of virus infection varies throughout each summer and from one summer to the next, but is often surprisingly high. The total annual infection under the conditions employed was approximately 10% of sample population. The amount of infection in all plants varies with species and location from 0 to 50%. Total virus infection appears to be related to the growth rates of plants. The types of virus included several common to commercial crop plants, many unidentified mixtures, and some distinctly new viruses.

Metabolic signalling and the partitioning of resources in plant storage organs

1999 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL G. HALFORD
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Cultivated Potato ◽  
Metabolic Signalling ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Plant Storage

The most important harvested organs of crop plants, such as seeds, tubers and fruits, are often described as assimilate sinks. They play little or no part in the fixation of carbon through the production of sugars through photosynthesis, or in the uptake of nitrogen and sulphur, but import these assimilated resources to support metabolism and to store them in the form of starch, oils and proteins. Wild plants store resources in seeds and tubers to later support an emergent young plant. Cultivated crops are effectively storing resources to provide us with food and many have been bred to accumulate much more than would be required otherwise. For example, approximately 80% of a cultivated potato plant's dry weight is contained in its tubers, ten times the proportion in the tubers of its wild relatives (Inoue & Tanaka 1978). Cultivation and breeding has brought about a shift in the partitioning of carbon and nitrogen assimilate between the organs of the plant.

Life on the Edge: Geminiviruses at the Interface Between Crops and Wild Plant Hosts

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando García-Arenal ◽  
Francisco Murilo Zerbini
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Virus Emergence

Viruses constitute the largest group of emerging pathogens, and geminiviruses (plant viruses with circular, single-stranded DNA genomes) are the major group of emerging plant viruses. With their high potential for genetic variation due to mutation and recombination, their efficient spread by vectors, and their wide host range as a group, including both wild and cultivated hosts, geminiviruses are attractive models for the study of the evolutionary and ecological factors driving virus emergence. Studies on the epidemiological features of geminivirus diseases have traditionally focused primarily on crop plants. Nevertheless, knowledge of geminivirus infection in wild plants, and especially at the interface between wild and cultivated plants, is necessary to provide a complete view of their ecology, evolution, and emergence. In this review, we address the most relevant aspects of geminivirus variability and evolution in wild and crop plants and geminiviruses’ potential to emerge in crops.

scholarly journals Broomrape Threat to Agriculture

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Diego Rubiales
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
New Crops

The broomrapes are plants that have modified their biology to feed on roots of other plants, emerging above the soil only to flower. There are about 150 broomrape species, most of which infect wild plants in natural habitats without causing economic problems. However, a few of them have adapted to agricultural ecosystems becoming troublesome root parasitic weeds. The most damaging ones are Orobanche cernua, O. crenata, O. cumana, O. minor, Phelipanche aegyptiaca and P. ramosa all of which severely constrain important dicot crops in Africa, Asia, and Europe. They are continuously extending to new areas, showing an ability to evolve thereby enlarging their host ranges, adapting to new areas and overcoming resistances introduced by the breeder. As flowering plants disseminated by seeds, broomrape distribution and management (containment, sanitation, cultural practices, and biological and chemical control) fall under the purview of weed science. However, broomrapes differ from standard weeds as they behave as pathogens that attach to host roots to feed on them. As for any other disease, the host plants might protect themselves by defence mechanisms that can be selected by plant breeders to develop resistant cultivars. In spite of these efforts, rather than being contained, the broomrape threat is increasing, not only extending to new suitable areas but also adapting genetically to infect new crops and to increase virulence.

Comparison ofBOR1-like gene expression in two genotypes with different boron efficiencies in commercial crop plants in Thailand

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumana Leaungthitikanchana ◽  
Mayuki Tanaka ◽  
Sittichai Lordkaew ◽  
Sansanee Jamjod ◽  
Benjavan Rerkasem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Commercial Crop

scholarly journals Arthropods inhabiting flowering non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables planted around paddy fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Herlinda ◽  
TILI KARENINA ◽  
CHANDRA IRSAN ◽  
YULIA PUJIASTUTI
Keyword(s):  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Cosmos Caudatus ◽  
Freshwater Swamp ◽  
Luffa Acutangula ◽  
Predatory Arthropods ◽  
Local Farmers

Abstract. Herlinda S, Karenina T, Irsan C, Pujiastuti Y. 2019. Arthropods inhabiting flowering non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables planted around paddy fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 3328-3339. Local farmers in freshwater swamps of South Sumatra traditionally plant adaptive flowering vegetables surrounding paddy fields and let wild flowering plants or non-crop plants grow on the embankment. This research aimed to determine the species of non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables surrounding the freshwater swamp paddy fields as habitats and niches of arthropods. This study used four species of flowering non-crop plants (Zinnia sp., Tagetes erecta, Cosmos caudatus, Sesamum indicum) and four species of vegetables (Vigna unguiculata, Momordica charantia, Cucumis sativus, Luffa acutangula) planted around the paddy fields. While the arthropods were collected using sweep nets. There were 24 species of predatory arthropods, three species of parasitoids, 17 species of herbivores, and nine species of neutral insects found in the non-crop plants and vegetables. The non-crop plant and vegetable species that were the most chosen by the predatory arthropods were Zinnia sp. and M. charantia, respectively. Species of the non-crop plants and vegetables chosen by the parasitoids were T. erecta and M. charantia, respectively. Those non-crop plants and adaptive vegetables were also the most chosen plants by the predatory arthropods for their habitats and niches. Therefore, for the conservation of natural enemies, it is better to use Zinnia sp., T. erecta, and M. charantia.

THE PARASITES OF PSEUDOCOCCUS COMSTOCKI KUW

1933 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Compere
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Pest ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Pseudococcus Comstocki

Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana is classed among the injurious mealy-bugs. It attacks a wide range of host plants. So far it has become abundant in the United States only in certain states east of the Mississippi River. In Connecticut it has received the name catalpa mealybug, because of its injuriousness to that plant. It is recorded as attacking many food-producing plants, but so far it has not been rated as a serious pest of any commercial crop plants. P. comstocki has been recorded from California by G. F. Ferris, where it was taken on Monterey pines growing on the campus of Stanford University. Ferris also records this mealybug from a number of host plants, including citrus, collected in Japan by Dr. Kuwana. A lookout has been kept for the appearance of P. comstocki in southern California, as it is considered to be a potential pest of citrus.

Effects of the Floy Anchor Tag on the Growth and Survival of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1972 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Carline ◽  
O. M. Brynildson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Tag Loss ◽  
Retarded Growth

We conducted two field trials to determine the effects of the gun-injected, Floy anchor tag (FD-67) on growth and survival of 10-month-old domesticated brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in a 0.7 ha pond. Trials ran from October to the following June. In 1968 we stocked 106 tagged trout and 1005 controls, and in 1969, 300 tagged trout and 500 controls. We removed different fins from each group to determine tag loss. In both trials we sampled the trout twice through the ice and twice during open water. The tags retarded growth of the trout from October to January; differences in growth rates between tagged and controls were 18 and 28% for the 1968 and 1969 trials, respectively. After January both groups grew at similar rates. Thetags did not affect survival, and tag losses were 5.7 and 2.0% for the two trials.

scholarly journals COVID 19 pandemic and behavioural change toward water hygiene and sanitation (WASH): A study in rural Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
Saswatik Tripathy ◽  
Loknath Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
The Government

COVID-19 Pandemic is not the first-ever pandemic which hit this globe, but it is the deadliest and possesses enough capability to shake the so-called developed global system. Additionally, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been detected in feces of infected individuals, leading to the possibility that fecal-oral transmission could also play a role in virus transmission, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with high rates of open defecation, ineffective fecal sludge management, and poor access to safe drinking water. So people’s behaviour towards WASH is very important at this time. This study was done in two rural districts of Odisha, i.e. Sambalpur and Mayurbhanj. The district, blocks, villages were selected with simple random sampling. A sample size of 50 was taken through telephonic interviews.This study was done to understand the real life scenario of rural Odisha and how COVID 19 pandemic shape their behaviour toward the water hygiene and sanitation. So the research was designed in such a manner so that it can capture the important dimensions of WASH. The sample size includes a non-homogeneous group which represents the rural population in terms of social, economic, educational and gender perspectives. During the S1 situation if the source of drinking water is taken into consideration people were using those sources from many years and after lot of efforts from the government side people never changed their behaviour, people’s perspective on water treatment and hand washing were so strong that there was 32 percent people who never used to wash their hands they don’t even think it was important (38% people. At least 34 percent people used to thought there was no need of treating water before drinking when 46 percent of the sample population was using the open water source. But these scenarios changed after they lose their hope on their own immunity during the S2 situation. The numbers of washing hands increase, people started using soap and the perspective towards the water treatment also changed towards a positive aspect. This study clearly finds that 3As (Availability, Accessibility and Affordability) is not enough for behavioural change towards WASH but it needs 4As (Availability, Accessibility, Affordability and Accountability) and 1I (Intension). Because until people understand that they are accountable for their own vulnerability they will not able to think about the behavioural change and without their intension they cannot start the process.

scholarly journals The role of collection missions in gathering plant genetic resources material

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ KLOC ◽  
DENISE DOSTATNY ◽  
TOMASZ SEKUTOWSKI ◽  
WIESŁAW PODYMA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Second Period

In the last 40 years, the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources (KCRZG) in Radzików has organized 67 collecting missions across the country. The main task was to secure the still existing plant genetic richness in agricultural ecosystems. Mission dates were set according to the time of seed maturation and the harvesting strategy adjusted to the collected group of plants. The collected genotypes included seeds, bulbs, grafts etc. The samples were collected mainly from local farmers or gathered directly from the field. During the collecting missions, one could clearly observe the progressive ”genetic erosion” of crop plants, visible through the disappearance of the tradition of growing local varieties, especially cereals. It is caused by the cultivation of modern varieties or the cessation of the cultivation of traditional crop plants. In the period from 1984 to 2017, a total of approximately 4700 samples were collected during 67 collection missions organized by KCRZG – Radzików. In the 90s, cereals prevailed. In the second period of the collection missions, from 1994 to 2005, vegetable and spice plants did instead. In the third period, between 2006 and 2017, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, wild plants, grasses, plants accompanying crops were the most plentiful groups of plants. The decreasing number of old cultivars and landraces in the last 40 years indicates the need for further collection of genetic resources through collecting missions and monitoring of genetic erosion of crops in Poland.

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