THE NUTRITION OF PHYTOPHTHORA

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Lopatecki ◽  
William Newton
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Sugar Utilization ◽  
Thiamine Content ◽  
Thiamine Level ◽  
Bio Assay

Phytophthora cactorum grew well in ammonium–salt media but not in nitrate. Conversely, P. megasperma grew well in nitrate but not in ammonium–salt media. P–parasitica and P. erythroseptica grew well in both, but better in that containing nitrate. All species grew better in the presence of organic nitrogen. Evidence is presented that iron, zinc, copper, and manganese are essential trace metals and that zinc is required in greater concentrations than iron. The optimum requirement for glucose or sucrose was found to be approximately 4%, and the residual sucrose was converted into reducing sugars by all species except P. cactorum. Approximately 50% of the residual sugar remained unchanged in the cultures of this species. The growth rate and sugar consumption increased as the thiamine level was increased from 0.2 to 0.8 mgm. per liter, but the coefficient of sugar utilization remained constant. On the other hand, the percentage of nitrogen in the mycelium decreased markedly as the thiamine content of the medium was increased. It is concluded that with media containing 1% alanine an accurate bio-assay of thiamine can be made over a concentration range of 0,2 to 0.6 mgm. per liter.

Total Diet Study: Carbohydrate Content and Methodology

1964 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-826
Author(s):  
James F Eheart ◽  
Blanche S Mason
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
Factor Effect ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Extreme Variability ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Determinations were made of total and reducing sugars, sucrose, dextrin, and starch content of dry fat-free solids of the "total diet" samples previously reported by Food and Drug Administration. Samples represented differences in season, location, time of purchase, and store at which purchased. Mean dry fat-free solids contents did not differ significantly. Purchase periods and locations caused extreme variability of the sucrose content of the diets. Factor- effect variations among the other carbohydrate constituents were not considered nutritionally important. Reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch gave positive correlations with total sugars, while negative correlations were obtained for total sugars with dextrin and for reducing sugars with sucrose.

scholarly journals THE PATTERN OF TISSUE REACTIONS TO AUTOLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS MUSCULOFASCIAL TRANSPLANTS

1952 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Andresen ◽  
Clarence W. Monroe ◽  
George M. Hass
Keyword(s):  
Granulation Tissue ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Autologous Transplants ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Tissue Reactions ◽  
Bio Assay ◽  
Made In

Simultaneous autologous and homologous musculofascial transplants were made in New Zealand white rabbits. The basic pattern of degeneration and granulation tissue organization of both types of transplant was essentially identical. The superposition of two reactions in the framework of organizing granulation tissue served to distinguish homologous from autologous transplants. One reaction to homologous transplants was predominantly characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and the other by angeitis. The principal locus of these reactions was in the musculofascial zone of the transplant, and from this zone the reactions spread to a variable degree through the fascia into the overlying pannus of granulation tissue. When single homologous transplants were made, the lymphocytic and mild angeitic forms of reaction predominated, becoming conspicuous at the end of 2 weeks. When multiple successive homologous transplants were made from the same donor to the same recipient, acute angeitis with thrombosis supervened and the lymphocytic reaction failed to develop or persist. Multiple successive autologous transplants, on the other hand, did not influence the type or degree of reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal. There was no evidence that autologous transplants had any influence upon the sequence of reactions to homologous transplants or that the presence of homologous transplants influenced the nature of the reaction to autologous transplants in the same animal. Until better methods are developed, methods of bio-assay of the type described, though lacking in quantitative precision, offer the best means for further analysis of factors which govern the incompatibility of tissues of one animal for those of another animal of the same species.

scholarly journals Bioreactor Scale-Up and Kinetic Modeling of Lactic Acid and Biomass Production by Enterococcus faecalis SLT13 during Batch Culture on Hydrolyzed Cheese Whey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manel Ziadi ◽  
Sana M’Hir ◽  
Abdelkarim Aydi ◽  
Moktar Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Batch Culture ◽  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Lactic Acid Production ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Sugar Utilization ◽  
Substrate Limitation

Kinetic modeling of biomass and lactic acid production by Enterococcus faecalis SLT13 have been developed during batch culture in M17 and Hydrolyzed Cheese Whey (HCW) in 2 L and 20 L bioreactors. The specific growth rate μmax was higher in 20 L bioreactor (1.09 h−1); however, the maximum specific lactic acid production rate qpmax and maximum specific sugar utilization rate qsmax were higher in 2 L bioreactor. Biomass and sugar utilization were affected by lactic acid inhibition in HCW. No effects of substrate inhibition have been observed. Substrate limitation of biomass has been observed on HCW in 20 L bioreactor; the substrate limitation constant for biomass Ksx was 4.229 g/L. Substrate limitation of sugar consumption has been observed on M17 in 2 L bioreactor; the substrate limitation constant for sugar consumption Kss was 2.73 g/L. Compared to experimental data, the model provided good predictions for biomass, sugar consumption, and lactic acid production.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some anti-oxidative constituents of three species of Ocimum

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniket Bhattacharya ◽  
Ashok Aggarwal ◽  
Navnita Sharma ◽  
Jagbeer Cheema
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Thiamine Content

The use herbal medicines for combating with several kinds of health hazards has been traditionally practiced by different human societies since long past. Among the plants known for their therapeutic value, the genus Ocimum, commonly known as ‘Basil’ is very important for its curative potential. In traditional Ayurvedic system mainly the leaves and the seeds of different species of ‘Basil’ were recommended for household remedies from several diseases. Three different species of Ocimum (Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum canum Sims.) were grown under laboratory condition for analyzing some of their antioxidative constituents using standard methods. The results revealed that the leaf extract of Ocimum canum had the highest amount of carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoid content than the other two species. Riboflavin and thiamine content also much higher in Ocimum canum, whereas Ocimum sanctum contained highest amount of ascorbic acid. The results obtained in this effort clearly indicate that, the leaves of these three species of ‘Basil’ have strong antioxidative potential, and surely can be used as a cheap source of natural antioxidants.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i5.11858

The synthesis, separation, and identification of the methyl ethers of arabinose and their derivatives

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Williams ◽  
J. K. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Ring Form ◽  
Optical Rotations ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Spray Reagents

A study has been made of various methods available for the identification and separation of the methyl ethers of arabinose. Gas–liquid partition chromatography has been used to separate the acetylated glycosides and the acetylated alditols of the methyl ethers of arabinose. All of the methyl ethers of arabinopyranose and arabinofuranose have been separated by paper chromatography. Several spray reagents have been used to distinguish between those methyl ethers with similar rates of movement. Thin-layer chromatography has been used to separate the methyl glycosides, acetylated methyl glycosides, and glycitols of the methyl ethers of arabinose, as well as the methyl ethers of the reducing sugar. The optical rotations of the reducing sugars and of the methyl glycosides of the methyl ethers of arabinose provide information about the ring form and, in the case of the glycosides, about the anomer present. The rotations of the acetylated and unacetylated O-methyl arabinitols aid in the determination of the position of the methyl substitutents. In connection with this study, all of the mono-O-methyl and tri-O-methyl, and most of the di-O-methyl ethers of arabinose have been synthesized. New syntheses have been devised for 4-O-methyl and 2,3-di-O-methyl arabinose, and the other sugars have been synthesized by known or partially revised syntheses. During this work, previously unreported derivatives of these sugars have been prepared.

Nitrogen requirements of the fungal endophytes of Arundina chinensis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Stephen ◽  
K. K. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of two Rhizoctonia fungus endophytes of the orchid Arundina chinensis are reported. Both isolates were capable of using ammonium and organic nitrogen but not nitrate or atmospheric nitrogen. Glutamic acid and urea were the best of the nitrogen sources tested followed by arginine, then asparagine. Proline and methionine were not used. The addition of a mixture of vitamins to the amino acids increased growth of one of the isolates but not the other. Yeast extract supported greatest growth.

Note: The effect of Ethephon on the colour, composition and quality of mango (Mangifera indica, cv Kent) / Nota: Efecto del Ethephon sobre el color, la composición y la calidad del mango (Mangifera indica cv Kent)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Centurión Yah ◽  
S.A. González Novelo ◽  
J.A. Tamayo Cortés ◽  
J.J. Argumedo ◽  
E. Sauri Duch
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
General Acceptance

Mango cv Kent, as grown on the Yucatan Peninsula, despite its satisfactory ripening, pleasant flavour, correct pulp colour and general acceptance, shows a skin without the characteristic red- yellow colour of the regular ripe fruit; it remains green and this makes it slightly unattractive to the consumer. On the other hand, ethylene and some other components such as Ethephon, have been used to homogenize the ripening in many fruits and to improve its colour. This work shows the results of the effect of nine different treatments with Ethephon on the colour, composition and quality of mango cv Kent. Fruit was treated by immersion in solutions of Ethephon at three different concentrations (500, 1500 and 2000 ppm) and for three different lengths of times (3, 6 and 9 min). The colour improvement depended upon the concentration and time of the treatment with Ethephon. In general, it was found that treatment with Ethephon had a significantly posi tive effect on the colour of the mango skin, as it caused the degradation of chlorophyll, which gave the appearance of the characteristic yellow and red colours to 100% of the fruit treated with 2500 ppm. Treatments influenced significantly the chemical composition of the pulp, particularly the concentration of total soluble solids, reducing sugars, carotenoids, vitamin C and acidity. The best sensorial acceptance was obtained from treatments with 1500 ppm.

scholarly journals Anomeric modification of carbohydrates using the Mitsunobu reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1619-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hain ◽  
Patrick Rollin ◽  
Werner Klaffke ◽  
Thisbe K Lindhorst
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mitsunobu Reaction ◽  
Carbohydrate Chemistry ◽  
Glycoside Synthesis ◽  
Glycosyl Phosphates ◽  
First Choice ◽  
The One ◽  
Hydroxy Groups ◽  
Anomeric Center

The Mitsunobu reaction basically consists in the conversion of an alcohol into an ester under inversion of configuration, employing a carboxylic acid and a pair of two auxiliary reagents, mostly triphenylphosphine and a dialkyl azodicarboxylate. This reaction has been frequently used in carbohydrate chemistry for the modification of sugar hydroxy groups. Modification at the anomeric position, leading mainly to anomeric esters or glycosides, is of particular importance in the glycosciences. Therefore, this review focuses on the use of the Mitsunobu reaction for modifications of sugar hemiacetals. Strikingly, unprotected sugars can often be converted regioselectively at the anomeric center, whereas in other cases, the other hydroxy groups in reducing sugars have to be protected to achieve good results in the Mitsunobu procedure. We have reviewed on the one hand the literature on anomeric esterification, including glycosyl phosphates, and on the other hand glycoside synthesis, including S- and N-glycosides. The mechanistic details of the Mitsunobu reaction are discussed as well as this is important to explain and predict the stereoselectivity of anomeric modifications under Mitsunobu conditions. Though the Mitsunobu reaction is often not the first choice for the anomeric modification of carbohydrates, this review shows the high value of the reaction in many different circumstances.

scholarly journals Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Rerat ◽  
P. Vaissade ◽  
P. Vaugelade
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Portal Blood ◽  
The Other ◽  
Absorption Kinetics ◽  
Maize Starch ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Sugar Hydrolysis

1. Concentrations of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal catheters were measured for periods of 8–24 h in twenty-three unanaesthetized pigs (mean body-weight 50 kg). From 6 to 8 d after implantation of catheters, the animals received experimental meals containing different levels (400, 800, 1200, 1600 g respectively) of different sugars (glucose ten meals, sucrose eighteen meals, lactose nine meals, maize starch sixteen meals) as well as a protein–mineral–vitamin premix.2. After each meal the reducing sugars appeared in the portal blood in successive waves. The porto-arterial differences in the concentration of reducing sugars, representing the real appearance of sugar-hydrolysis products in the animal, varied greatly according to the sugar ingested and its level of intake. For each level of intake, these differences were larger, but of shorter duration, for glucose and sucrose than for maize starch. For these three carbohydrates, the higher the level of ingestion, the larger and the more persistent the porto-arterial differences. Lactose represented a special case, as the porto-arterial differences of reducing sugars were always much lower than those obtained with the other sugars and they did not vary with the level of intake.3. Our findings show that the products formed by feeding glucose and sucrose appear more rapidly in the portal blood than those formed by feeding lactose. Accordingly, the length of time of digestion of glucose and sucrose is shorter than that of maize starch and lactose.

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