THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: II. THE EFFECT OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI ERIKS. AND HENN. ON THE RESPIRATION OF THE FIRST LEAF OF RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES OF WHEAT

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Samborski ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Tissue Nitrogen

The first leaves of resistant (var. Khapli) and susceptible (var. Little Club) species of wheat were heavily inoculated with P. graminis (Race 15B). The effect of the frequency of the pustules on their size and on the leaves is described. The oxygen consumption, total dry weight, total nitrogen, and sugar contents of leaf disks were measured at frequent intervals after inoculation. At infections of Little Club massive increases in dry weight occurred in 10 to 15 days, but the percentage total nitrogen remained close to that of healthy leaves. Oxygen consumption per unit dry weight or per unit of tissue nitrogen rose to from 2.5 to 3.0 times that for healthy tissue and then fell off again. The duration and degree of the rise were dependent on environmental conditions. At infections on Khapli, both dry weight and the percentage total nitrogen declined rapidly and the leaves turned yellow and died in about eight days, suggesting a rapid breakdown of protein. Oxygen consumption per unit dry weight or per unit of tissue nitrogen rose more rapidly, to from 2.0 to 2.5 times that of healthy tissue, and declined again sooner than at infections on Little Club. With both species, the 'accumulation' at infections of radioactive glucose, or its products, roughly paralleled the course of respiration. With leaves of Little Club, initially low in carbohydrate and having a low respiratory quotient, a marked rise in the respiratory quotient occurred at developing infections; little or no rise occurred with Khapli. The results of the sugar analyses suggested that the increase in respiration following infection was not initially dependent on an increase in the sugar content above that found in the healthy leaf. The significance of the results is discussed.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

scholarly journals Interactions of CO2 Enrichment and Temperature on Carbohydrate Production and Accumulation in Muskmelon Leaves

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Acock ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
D. Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

We examined how temperature and stage of vegetative growth affect carbohydrate production and accumulation in Cucumis melo L. `Haogen' grown at various CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). Carbohydrate production was measured by net assimilation rate either on a leaf-area basis (NARa) or a leaf dry-weight basis (NARw); carbohydrate accumulation was measured by leaf starch plus sugar content. Twenty-four- and 35-day-old muskmelon plants were grown for 11 days in artificially lighted cabinets at day/night temperatures of 20/20 or 40/20C and at [CO2] of 300 or 1500 μl·liter-1. NARa and NARw both increased with increasing [CO2], but the CO2 effect was smaller at low temperature, especially for plants at the later stage of vegetative growth. NARw was a better indicator of total dry-weight gain than was NARa. Both suboptimal temperatures and CO2 enrichment caused carbohydrates to accumulate in the leaves at both stages of vegetative growth. NARw was correlated negatively with leaf starch plus sugar content. The rate of decrease in NARw with increasing leaf starch plus sugar content was significantly greater for CO2-enriched plants. Leaf starch plus sugar content >0.03 to 0.04 kg·kg-1 of leaf residual dry weight at the end of a dark period may indicate that temperature is suboptimal for growth. Plants grown at the same temperature had higher leaf starch plus sugar content if they were CO2-enriched than if grown in ambient [CO2], suggesting that an optimal temperature for growth in ambient [CO2] may be suboptimal in elevated [CO2].

EFFECT OF FROST ON WHEAT AT PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF MATURITY: II. COMPOSITION AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAIN AND FLOUR

1935 ◽  
Vol 13c (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. McCalla ◽  
R. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Invert Sugar ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Critical Stage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Before And After

The increase in dry weight of wheat kernels after flowering accelerated slightly for 14 days, was steady for 10 days, then fell off gradually to zero in about 14 days more, when the kernels weighed 32 gm. per 1,000. At this stage they contained 58 to 60% dry matter, a critical point marking the practically complete cessation of chemical changes.The weight of nitrogen increased steadily to about 1 gm. per 1,000 kernels at the critical stage. Respiration losses of carbon, before and after harvest, appear to account largely for the changes in the percentage nitrogen in the kernels. The ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous material moved into the endosperm seems to have been nearly constant throughout the main developmental period.Ammonia nitrogen first increased to a maximum of 4.8 mg. per 1,000 kernels, then decreased to negligible proportions at the critical stage Salt-soluble nitrogen in fresh kernels decreased from an initial value of 75% of the total nitrogen to 22% at the critical stage, when a little more than one-third of it was non-protein. Drying the kernels before analysis changed the percentage composition, owing to respiration and synthesis, by an amount varying with rate and conditions of drying.Frost had no effect on the ash content of the kernels. Four degrees of frost (28° F.) had no effect on the per cent total, salt-soluble or non-protein nitrogen, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees, in cuttings before the critical stage, in both the gram and the flour milled from it reduced the per cent total nitrogen an effect ascribed to slowing up of respiration, and increased the per cent of the fractions, ascribed to checking of synthesisYields of washed gluten from the control samples were about the same at all stages, but physical properties did not attain maximum quality before the critical stage. Four degrees of frost did not affect yield, but reduced quality in cuttings before the critical stage. More severe frost reduced both yield and quality in immature samples, the effect of the heaviest frost on quality persisting to full maturityBoth reducing and invert sugar percentages declined m early stages of development. Frost did not affect invert sugar content, but 8, 10 and 14 degrees increased reducing sugars in flours from grain cut before the critical stage. This is ascribed partly to increased enzyme activity, as indicated by greater maltose production, and partly to slowing of respiration by frost injury. Gain in kernel weight by translocation after cutting took place in immature check samples but not in heavily frozen samples. Respiration losses in the stook were calculated to be about twice as great from the checks as from the heavily frozen samples.

Energy metabolism and its relation to survival and infectivity of infective juveniles of Steinernema carpocapsae under aerobic conditions

Nematology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Qiu ◽  
Robin Bedding
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Oxygen Consumption Rate ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Energy Reserve ◽  
Aerobic Conditions

AbstractEnergy metabolism of the infective juveniles (IJ) of Steinernema carpocapsae under aerobic conditions and its relation to survival and infectivity of the IJ was studied by monitoring the changes in mean dry weight, levels of key energy reserve compounds, oxygen consumption rate, respiratory quotient, survival and infectivity of freshly harvested IJ incubated in tap water on a shaker at 28°C over time. The survival rate of the IJ exceeded 90% for the first 6 weeks and then dropped sharply to about 50% at week 8. The infectivity of the IJ did not change markedly within the first 3 weeks, dropped slightly during weeks 4 and 5 and then decreased sharply to week 6. The mean dry weight of the IJ dropped at a roughly constant rate from an initial level of 74 ng/IJ to 41 ng/IJ at week 6. Thus, during the period of 6 weeks at 28°C, each IJ consumed nearly half of its initial dry weight. Consumption of the lipids, proteins, glycogen and trehalose accounted for 91, 41, 56 and 78% of the initial levels of these compounds and 47, 41, 9 and 3% of the total dry weight of materials consumed, respectively. Most lipids were consumed in the first 3 weeks while most proteins, glycogen and trehalose were consumed in the last 2 or 3 weeks. Oxygen consumption rate decreased from 3.0 to 0.5 ml/million IJ/day from day 1 to week 6 while the respiratory quotient remained constant at about 0.7 for the first 4 weeks then dropped sharply to 0.3 at week 6. Both survival time and the rate of reduction in mean dry weight of IJ were severely affected by temperature and buffering. The functions of the individual energy reserve materials, characteristics of the energy metabolism and the relationship between energy metabolism and the survival and infectivity of the IJ are discussed. Der Energiestoffwechsel und seine Beziehung zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der Infektionsjuvenilen von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen - Der Energiestoffwechsel der Infektionsjuvenilen (IJ) von Steinernema carpocapsae unter aeroben Bedingungen und seine Beziehungen zum Überleben und zur Infektivität der IJ wurde untersucht durch die Erfassung der Änderungen im mittleren Trockengewicht, des Niveaus der wichtigen Energiereservestoffe, des Sauerstoffverbrauchs, des Respirationsquotienten sowie der Überlebensrate und der Infektivität frisch gewonnener IJ, die in Leitungswasser bei 28°C auf einem Schüttler gehalten wurden. Die Überlebensrate überschritt während der ersten sechs Wochen 90% und fiel dann in der achten Woche schnell auf etwa 50% ab. Die Infektivität änderte sich innerhalb der ersten 3 Wochen wenig, fiel dann im Laufe der Wochen 4 und 5 etwas ab, verminderte sich dann aber schnell in Woche 6. Das mittlere Trockengewicht der IJ fiel ungefähr gleichmäßig von einem Ausgangsniveau von 74 ng/IJ auf 41 ng/IJ in Woche 6 ab. Jedes IJ verbrauchte also bei 28°C innerhalb von 6 Wochen fast die Hälfte seines ursprünglichen Trockengewichts. Vom ursprünglichen Gehalt an Lipiden wurden 91% verbraucht, von Proteinen 41%, von Glykogen 56% und von Trehalose 78%. Vom Gesamtverbrauch entfielen 47% auf Lipide, 41% auf Proteine, 9% auf Glykogen und 3% auf Trehalose. Die meisten Lipide wurden in den ersten drei Wochen verbraucht, während die meisten Proteine, Glykogen und Trehalose in den letzten 2 oder 3 Wochen verbraucht wurden. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch fiel von 3,0 auf 0,5 ml/million IJ/Tag von Tag 1 bis Woche 6, während der Respirationsquotient in den ersten 4 Wochen konstant bei 0,7 und dann schnell auf 0,3 in Woche 6 abnahm. Überlebensdauer und Abnahme des mittleren Trockengewichts wurden durch Temperatur und Pufferung stark beeinflusst. Die Funktionen der einzelnen Energiereservestoffe, die Kennzeichen des Energiestoffwechsels und die Beziehungen zwischen Energiestoffwechsel, Überleben und Infektivität der IJ werden diskutiert.

A NODULATION-INHIBITING ROOT EXCRETION FROM A NON-NODULATING SOYBEAN STRAIN

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald H. Elkan
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Total Dry Weight

A non-nodulating, near-isogenic soybean strain has been shown to release, during growth, a substance that inhibits nodulation of its normally nodulating sister strain. In greenhouse experiments, inoculated seedlings of both strains were transferred to vessels containing aerated, nitrogen-free, Hoagland's nutrient solution. Two plants per vessel were established in the following combinations: one nodulating and one non-nodulating, two nodulating, or two non-nodulating. Root excretions from the mutant resulted in highly significant decreases in nodulation of the normal plants. In addition, presence of the mutant also resulted in decreased total nodule weight, total dry weight, and total nitrogen per nodulating plant. Nodulation in ladino clover, when grown in nutrient solution, was also significantly inhibited by the presence of the mutant soybean. The excretion apparently does not inhibit growth of Rhizobium japonicum.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Dan Serapan Nitrogen Azolla microphylla Akibat Pemberianfosfat Dan Ketinggian Air Yang Berbeda

Agrologia ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putra Utama ◽  
Dewi Firnia ◽  
Ganes Natanael
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizers ◽  
Azolla Microphylla ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Water fern Azolla microphylla symbioses with Anabaena azollae which is able to fix N2. Fern growth is strongly influenced by the availability of macro nutrients such as phosphate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of concentration of phosphate fertilizers and different water levels on the growth and nitrogen uptake of Azolla microphylla. Research was conducted by using randomized block design with three replications. The treatment were  water level which consists of 0 cm, 2 cm, 4 cm, and 6 cm, and the concentration of phosphates (P) which is composed of without and with  15 ppm, 30 ppm and 45 ppm. The results showed that the water level are interdependent with the phosphates concentration to influence  Azolla’s covered area at  7-21 days after planting, wet weight, total dry weight, and total nitrogen uptake of Azolla microphylla. The water level 2 cm at a concentration of 30 ppm of phosphate fertilizers is the best treatment combination to increase Azolla’s covered area at 7-21 HST, wet weight, total dry weight, and total nitrogen uptake of Azolla microphylla.

BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Nicoll
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Mucosal Epithelium ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Dry Weight

ABSTRACT The response of the pigeon crop-sac to systemically acting prolactin (injected subcutaneously) was evaluated by measuring the wet weight of the responsive lateral lobes of the organ and by determining the dry weight of a 4 cm diameter disc of mucosal epithelium taken from one hemicrop. Of several different injection schedules tested, administration of prolactin in four daily injections was found to yield optimal responses. When compared with a graded series of prolactin doses, measurement of the mucosal dry weight proved to be a better method of response quantification than determination of the crop-sac wet weight with respect to both assay sensitivity and precision. The submucosal tissue of the crop-sac was estimated to constitute about 64 % of the total dry weight of the unstimulated organ and it was found to be relatively unresponsive to prolactin stimulation in comparison with the mucosa. The lipid content of the mucosal epithelium was determined using unstimulated crop-sacs or tissues which showed varying degrees of prolactin-induced proliferation. The fat content of the mucosal epithelial cells increased only slightly more rapidly than the dry weight or the defatted dry weight of the mucosa. Suggestions are made for the further improvement of the systemic crop-sac assay for prolactin.

Harvest Field Sizing as a Technique to Remove Undersize French Prunes

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 452a-452
Author(s):  
Richard Buchner ◽  
Seeley Mudd ◽  
Bruce Carroll ◽  
Mark Gilles
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Marginal Value ◽  
High Sugar Content

Overall profitability is a major goal in successful prune production and a major component in any prune management system. Large prune crops in 1996 and 1997 have stimulated considerable interest in undersize fruit. Undersize prunes currently have marginal value and may represent a net loss because of costs to haul, dry, and to market order payments on low value prunes. One technique to control delivery size is to field size at harvest. Field sizing involves installing size-sorting devices on harvesters, which allow small prunes to fall out while valuable fruit is collected. Field sizing is considered a “risky” strategy because of the potential to remove prunes with economic value. During the 1997 harvest, 21 infield harvest sizing evaluations were made in prune orchards throughout Tehama county. The first evaluation occurred on 12 Aug. 1997, at the start of prune harvest. The final evaluation was done on 5 Sept. 1997, at the tail end of harvest. The objective was to sample throughout the harvest period to test field sizing under various sugar, size, and fruit pressure scenarios. The test machine was 1-inch bar sizer. Of the 21 sample dates, undersize fruit was clearly not marketable in 20 of the 21 samples. Discarded fruit averaged 133 dry count per pound. Only one sample out of 21 may have had market value at 86 dry count per pound. Although small in size, these prunes had very high sugar content contributing to their dry weight. In this evaluation, a 1-inch bar sizer did a good job of separating fruit with and without market value under the 1997 price schedule. As harvest date becomes later and soluble solids increase, the chances of sorting out marketable prunes also increases.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic and Sugar Profiles of Date Fruits Extracts from Six Different Algerian Cultivars as Influenced by Ripening Stages and Extraction Systems

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
Malika Tassoult ◽  
Djamel Edine Kati ◽  
María África Fernández-Prior ◽  
Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria ◽  
Juan Fernandez-Bolanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Date Fruit ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
First Time

The study investigated the phenols, sugar and the antioxidant capacities of date fruit extracts obtained by organic solvents and by hydrothermal treatment from six different Algerian cultivars at two ripening stages for the first time. The analyzed cultivars exhibited potent antioxidant properties (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacities) and different phenols regardless of the solvents and the maturity stages. About 18 phenols were identified and quantified, mainly in the hydrothermal extracts. The earlier stages were characterized by high amounts of o-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid and luteolin, with a noticeable absence of quercetin. The tamr stage presented the highest sugar content (78.15–86.85 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW)) with an abundance of glucose. Galactose was present only in some cultivars from the kimri stage (tamjouhert). Uronic acids were mostly detected at the tamr stage (4.02–8.82 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 mg dried weight). The obtained results highlight the potential of using date fruit extracts as natural antioxidants, especially at industrial scales that tend use hydrothermal extraction.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Water Management Regimes on the Growth, Productivity, and Resource Use Efficiency of Dry Direct Seeded Rice in Central Punjab-Pakistan

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151
Author(s):  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Saddam Hussain ◽  
Zubair Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq ◽  
Adeel Abbas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Benefit Cost

Dry direct-seeded rice has been shown to save irrigation water and labor. Nonetheless, irrigation management in dry direct-seeded rice has received very little attention. Here, we examined the potential of different irrigation regimes: aerobic rice (AR), alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and continuous flooding (CF) in dry direct-seeded rice cultivation on two rice cultivars (Pride-1 (hybrid indica) and NB-1 (inbred indica)). Growth, yield attributes, grain yield, total water input, water productivity and benefit cost ratio were measured. Our results showed that AR saved 11.22 and 28.40%, and 5.72 and 32.98% water compared with AWD and CF during 2018 and 2020, respectively. There was a significant difference in grain yield among treatments and cultivars. AWD and CF produced statistically same total dry weight and grain yield, while AR reduced the total dry weight by 31.34% and 38.04% and grain yield by 34.82% and 38.16% in comparison to AWD and CF, respectively, across the years. Except for 1000-grain weight and harvest index in AWD and CF, further differences in total dry weight and grain yield among irrigation treatments were primarily correlated with variations in yield attributes. Among the cultivars, hybrid rice performed better than inbred rice. Over the two-year period, hybrid rice increased total dry weight, grain yield, and water productivity by 9.28%, 13.05%, and 14.28%, respectively, as compared to inbred rice. Regarding water productivity (WP), the maximum percentage (40.90 and 26.53%) was recorded for AWD compared to AR and CF. Among cultivars, more water productivity (14.28%) was calculated for hybrid rice than inbred one. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, leaf area index and crop growth rate contributed to higher grain yield of hybrid rice under AWD and CF. In contrast to WP, the maximum benefit cost ratio was estimated to be higher for CF than that of AR and AWD. For the cultivars, the maximum value (2.26 in 2018 and 2.32 in 2020) was calculated for hybrid rice compared with the inbred one. In conclusion, these results suggests that AWD with maximum WP and CF with maximum BCR could be more efficient approaches than AR. Under CF, hybrid rice cultivars with higher yield and yield-related attributes, WP and BCR performed better.

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