THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM AND RADIAL GROWTH IN THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
General Sense ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Mother Cells

The vascular cambium, to use the term in the general sense as designation for the entire meristem producing secondary xylem and phloem, consists of the self-perpetuating uniseriate initiating layer and the derived tissue mother cells. In the dormant condition the cambium in the stems of mature trees is one to four, usually two to three, cells wide. The one to three tangential tiers of cells toward the xylem are made up of xylem mother cells, and the single tier next the phloem is composed of initial cells. On reactivation all cambial cells expand radially. Periclinal divisions soon follow, usually according to a sequence in which the xylem mother cells in the tier contiguous to the late wood are the first to divide and the initial cells last, although some variation occurs. The zone of periclinal division rapidly widens to 100-300 μ in vigorous open-grown trees, the center of activity during this vernal surge of growth clearly being among the dividing and redividing xylem mother cells. Thereafter, from mid-June to August, a continued decline in cell production follows as the zone of xylem mother cells decreases from many tangential rows to few. The initiating layer becomes relatively more important as the center of cell generation, and toward the end of the growing season the initial cells undergo those changes which modify the cellular pattern of the cambium and hence of the derived tissues. Phloem development begins later than that of xylem, and at the end of May the new phloem varies from none to four cells as compared with a xylemward production of 30-60 cells in vigorous trees. Phloem expansion continues at a more or less steady rate from June to the termination of cambial activity in August or early September. The annual phloem increments vary less in width than those of xylem.

Response of the vascular cambium to reorientation in patch grafts

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Thair ◽  
T. A. Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Sorbus Aucuparia ◽  
Normal Position ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Normal Orientation ◽  
Cornus Stolonifera ◽  
Malus Baccata ◽  
High Degree

The vascular cambium was reoriented in square 5-mm panels of bark at 90° and 180° from the normal position in three varieties of Malus baccata and Malus sylvestris (ornamental crabapple), Cornus stolonifera, Sorbus aucuparia, and Thuja occidentalis, Douglasii pyramidalis. Panels grafted in the normal orientation served as controls. The cambium in the panels continued to function normally, and where it was reoriented, it retained the imposed orientation. The secondary vascular tissues that were produced likewise retained the imposed orientation, a feature which was particularly striking in the case of transversely oriented panels. In early growth after the grafting, the secondary xylem showed some histological abnormalities particularly in abnormally oriented panels, but these diminished in later-formed xylem in the case of normally and transversely oriented panels. It is concluded that the cambial initials possess a high degree of autonomy which is reflected in their resistance to realignment which would correspond to the lines of flow of nutrients and water in an axis into which they are grafted.

Seasonal cambial activity and wood formation in trees and lianas of Leguminosae growing in the Atlantic Forest: a comparative study

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Fritz das Neves Brandes ◽  
Claudio Sergio Lisi ◽  
Leonardo Davi S.A.B. da Silva ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput ◽  
Cláudia Franca Barros
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Direct And Indirect Methods

Cambial activity and the formation of secondary xylem were investigated in the main stem of three arboreal leguminous species and one liana. To compare the seasonal vascular cambium behavior of these species, two methods were concurrently applied: induction of injury in the vascular cambium and anatomical analysis of the vascular cambium and adjacent zones (differentiation zone). One tree species, Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P.Lewis & M.P.Lima, was sampled in three forest formations: alluvial, submontane, and montane. Two more tree species, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. and Pseudopiptadenia leptostachya (Benth.) Rauschert, were sampled in submontane and montane forest, respectively. Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton var. frutescens, a liana, was sampled in montane forest. All species investigated showed distinctive formation of annual growth rings. Reactivation of the vascular cambium was observed at the end of spring, and it remained active during the summer. Thereafter, cambial activity either ceased or declined dramatically at the end of autumn. Similar to the tree species studied, cambial activity in D. frutescens var. frutescens showed similar seasonal cambial activity throughout the year. Based on both direct and indirect methods, our results showed that cambial activity and wood formation only occurred during the rainy season, suggesting the potential of these species for use in dendrochronological studies.

Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

RING WIDTH, TRACHEID SIZE, AND RAY VOLUME IN STEM WOOD OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The interrelations between varied growth rates and those phases of cambial activity involved in determination of tracheid size and ray volume were investigated in Thuja occidentalis. Length of tracheids at the time of pseudotransverse division of the initiating cambial cells was determined from the peripheral wood of stems which fell within a similar range of size but differed in their rates of growth. The circumstances which favored accelerated growth, as shown in more frequent periclinal divisions in the cambium, encouraged earlier pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials and hence the production of shorter tracheids. Among trees of similar size decline in growth rate was accompanied by lengthening of cambial cells to a maximum associated with annual radial increments of 0.7 to 0.8 mm. Tracheid diameter was only slightly influenced by the rate of growth. Tangential width underwent minor increase in suppressed trees and radial diameter was slightly augmented in fast-growing trees. A positive correlation was revealed between ray volume and rate of growth.

scholarly journals The Impact of Changing Climate on the Cambial Activity during Radial Growth in Some Citrus Species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moin Ahmad Khan ◽  
M. Badruzzaman Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Citrus Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Impact

This study on radial growth in the stem of Citrus was carried out with an aim to notice the behavior of vascular cambium with respect to climatic and age effects. The fusiform initials vary in length from 137 to 363 μm in C. limon, 100 to 463 μm in C. paradisi, 137 to 413 μm in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and 137 to 375 μm in C. sinensis. The length rises with age, followed by decline and then again increase in C. limon. In C. paradisi, there is increase up to maximum and after decline is soon followed by constancy. In C. reticulata var. kinnow, increase in length from top to base in C. sinensis, increase up to maximum followed by a decline. Swelling of cambial cells occurs in the third week of March in C. limon, last week of March in C. paradisi, third week of April in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and second week of April in C. sinensis. The cambium turns dormant in early October in C. limon, late December in C. paradisi, early December in C. reticulata var. kinnow, and early November in C. sinensis. Thus, the cambium remains active for about 6 months in C. limon and C. sinensis, 9 months in C. paradisi, and 7 months in C. reticulata var. kinnow.

scholarly journals Cambial Activity and Phenology in Three Understory Species along an Altitude Gradient in Mexico

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Mayte S. Jiménez-Noriega ◽  
Lauro López-Mata ◽  
Teresa Terrazas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Altitude Gradient ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The aims of this study were to evaluate the cambial activity and phenology of three species with different life forms (Alchemilla procumbens, Acaena elongata and Ribes ciliatum) along an altitudinal gradient and to establish which environmental variables (light, soil humidity and temperature) had the greatest influence on cambial activity and phenological stages. Over two years, data on phenology, growth and cambium were gathered every four weeks in three to six sites per species in Sierra Nevada, Mexico. The results showed that Ribes is the only species that terminates cambial activity with leaves senescence and is influenced by the minimum soil temperature. The light environment influenced the vegetative stages in Alchemilla (cryptophyte), while in Acaena (hemicryptophyte), the mean soil temperature explained the findings related to leaf area during the dry season and growth along the gradient. In the three species, the reproductive phase dominated for a longer period at higher elevations, especially in Alchemilla. Only Ribes, the phanerophyte, showed a similar cambial activity to other trees and shrubs. Although cambium reactivates during the dry season, no xylogenesis occurs. The three species varied during the time in which vascular cambium was active, and this was dependent on the altitude. Specifically, the variation was more rhythmic in Ribes and switched on and off in Alchemilla. It is likely that, depending on the life form, vascular cambium may be more or less susceptible to one or more climate factors.

scholarly journals How Do Trees Grow in Girth? Controversy on the Role of Cellular Events in the Vascular Cambium

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek-Ponce ◽  
Wiesław Włoch ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Apical Cell ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Cell Dynamics ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Periclinal Walls

AbstractRadial growth has long been a subject of interest in tree biology research. Recent studies have brought a significant change in the understanding of some basic processes characteristic to the vascular cambium, a meristem that produces secondary vascular tissues (phloem and xylem) in woody plants. A new hypothesis regarding the mechanism of intrusive growth of the cambial initials, which has been ratified by studies of the arrangement of cambial cells, negates the influence of this apical cell growth on the expansion of the cambial circumference. Instead, it suggests that the tip of the elongating cambial initial intrudes between the tangential (periclinal) walls, rather than the radial (anticlinal) walls, of the initial(s) and its(their) derivative(s) lying ahead of the elongating cell tip. The new concept also explains the hitherto obscure mechanism of the cell event called ‘elimination of initials’. This article evaluates these new concepts of the cambial cell dynamics and offers a new interpretation for some curious events occurring in the cambial meristem in relation to the radial growth in woody plants.

SPIRAL GRAIN AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF CONIFERS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
High Ratio ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Relative Duration ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Spiral Grain ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The Right

In the cambium of mature trees a general conformity was found in the orientation of the partition in the pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials through out sectors of varying size. The proportion of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation varied with the tree, the locality, and the species, but was usually less than 10%. As radial accretion followed, periodic reversals occurred in the orientation of anticlinal divisions, the spacing between reversals, in terms of xylem increment, being related to the frequency of anticlinal division. The mean interval shortened as the rate of division rose according to the equation xy = k. While this overall relationship obtained, there was generally some inequality in the relative duration of leftward and rightward orientations of division. In species with grain in the outer wood slanted to the right, a rightward tilt of division persisted for longer periods than a leftward tilt. Conversely, in species with grain slanted to the left, thickness of xylem showing leftward orientation of multiplicative divisions exceeded that with rightward orientation. Changes associated with growth from sapling to adult were studied in Picea, in which genus grain is usually to the left in the inner wood and to the right in the outer wood. Here multiplicative divisions were usually inclined to the left in the growth of the first few years, whereas in the later growth orientation to the right endured for longer periods than to the left. Both orientation of pseudo-transverse division and direction of cell elongation after division seem to be under a general polar control. This apparently is an important element in the induction of spiral grain. Above-average net gain of fusiform initials in the turmoil of cell addition and loss, which accompanies circumferential expansion, may be a contributory factor. Serving to restrain the development of an excessive spirality are periodic reversals in direction of tilt in anticlinal division, and a high ratio of loss of cambial cells relative to the frequency of anticlinal division.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PINUS STROBUS L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Individual Trees

The relationships between width of annual rings, length of wood cells, and frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells were studied by reference to trees of various growth patterns. The trees selected ranged from 8 to 20 in. diameter and included both open-grown specimens with branches close to the ground and forest types with tall, slender shafts. Much fluctuation was noted among individual trees, but in general there was, in the peripheral growth, an inverse relationship between length of wood cells and width of annual rings. The frequency of anticlinal divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings from 1.5 to 5 mm wide, but rose sharply when ring width fell below 1.3 mm. This was in contrast to the situation observed earlier in Thuja occidentalis where the rise in frequency of anticlinal divisions was slight and occurred only in trees with rings less than 0.3 mm wide.

scholarly journals John Calvin on the gifts of the Holy Spirit in his commentary on Acts

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik van Alten
Keyword(s):  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Human Error ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
General Sense ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Book Of Acts ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

John Calvin is often considered to have taught the cessation of the extraordinary gifts of the Holy Spirit. This certainly does not give the complete picture of how Calvin wrestled with those passages from Scripture which deal with the extraordinary gifts. In his commentary on the book of Acts Calvin makes a conscious effort to show that in most of the cases where the gifts of the Spirit are mentioned, the focus is not on the gifts in a general sense, but in an extraordinary sense. These extraordinary gifts had been limited to the initial phase of the church. The reasons that Calvin provides for this cessation is somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand Calvin indicates a very specific, divine purpose for the gifts, which limits its usefulness and existence until the point when the purpose had been achieved. However, there are also passages where one gets the impression that the cessation of the gifts was not necessarily divinely intended, but was due to human error. Of great importance is the way Calvin subsequently applies these texts to the readers of his own day. Johannes Calvyn oor die gawes van die Heilige Gees in sy kommentaar op Handelinge Dikwels word aangeneem dat Johannes Calvyn die beëindiging van die buitengewone gawes van die Heilige Gees voorgestaan het. Dit gee egter nie die volle prentjie van hoe Calvyn met daardie Skrifgedeeltes, waarin die buitengewone gawes behandel word, geworstel het nie. In sy kommentaar op die boek Handelinge wys Calvyn bewustelik daarop dat in die meeste gevalle waar die gawes van die Gees genoem word, die fokus nie op die gawes in ’n algemene sin is nie, maar eerder op die gawes in ’n buitengewone sin. Hierdie buitengewone gawes is beperk tot die beginfase van die kerk. Die redes wat Calvyn vir hierdie beëindiging aanvoer, is egter dubbelsinnig. Aan die eenkant wys Calvyn op ’n baie spesifieke, Goddelike doel met die gawes, waardeur hulle bruikbaarheid en voortbestaan beperk word tot die tyd toe die doel bereik is. Aan die anderkant, egter, is daar ook gedeeltes wat die indruk skep dat die beëindiging van die gawes nie noodwendig Goddelik bepaal is nie, maar ’n gevolg was van menslike sonde. Van groot belang is hoe Calvyn hierdie tekste vervolgens toepas op die lesers van sy eie tyd.

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