CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PINUS STROBUS L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1057-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Individual Trees

The relationships between width of annual rings, length of wood cells, and frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells were studied by reference to trees of various growth patterns. The trees selected ranged from 8 to 20 in. diameter and included both open-grown specimens with branches close to the ground and forest types with tall, slender shafts. Much fluctuation was noted among individual trees, but in general there was, in the peripheral growth, an inverse relationship between length of wood cells and width of annual rings. The frequency of anticlinal divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings from 1.5 to 5 mm wide, but rose sharply when ring width fell below 1.3 mm. This was in contrast to the situation observed earlier in Thuja occidentalis where the rise in frequency of anticlinal divisions was slight and occurred only in trees with rings less than 0.3 mm wide.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Cell Multiplication ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between ring width and length of wood cells was studied by reference to mature white cedar trees of various growth patterns. These included trees of similar diameter but diverse growth rates, trees with transition from wide to narrow rings or from narrow to wide rings in their peripheral growth, and trees with rings varying in width in different radii. Although much fluctuation occurred among individuals there was in general an inverse relationship between cell length and ring width. On the other hand, the variations in frequency of pseudotransverse divisions in the cambium, which might be expected to have a profound influence on cell length because of their involvement in cambial cell multiplication, were not obviously related to the growth rate. The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions in the fusiform initials apparently is geared neither to circumferential expansion nor to number of periclinal divisions in the cambium but rather seems to be related simply to linear radial increment.

CAMBIAL BEHAVIOR WITH REFERENCE TO CELL LENGTH AND RING WIDTH IN PICEA

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
Maximum Cell ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Picea Species

This study deals with the relationships between length of wood cells, width of annual rings, and frequency of multiplicative (pseudotransverse) divisions in fusiform cambial cells of Picea. Species investigated were P. engelmanni, P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. sitchensis. Observations were based on the recent growth of trees 10–20 in. in diameter, and in the case of P. sitchensis included trees up to 7 ft in diameter. In general, maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of 1–2 mm. Cell length declined with increase in ring width, and also decreased slightly when ring width fell below the optimum level. The frequency of pseudotransverse divisions in the cambium remained at a more or less uniform rate in trees with rings 2–8 mm wide, but rose sharply as ring width dropped below 1 mm. The slight reduction in cell length in narrow rings was apparently associated with the rise in frequency of multiplicative divisions in the cambium. Maximum cell length was observed in P. sitchensis. The shortest cells and lowest frequency of multiplicative divisions were noted in P. engelmanni. As ring width decreased a higher proportion of the pseudotransverse divisions occurred during the late seasonal growth. The orientation of the partition in pseudotransverse division tended to be unidirectional, but reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals.

PATTERNS IN GROWTH OF EARLYWOOD, LATEWOOD, AND PERCENTAGE LATEWOOD DETERMINED BY COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF 18 DOUGLAS-FIR TREES

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Smith ◽  
L. Heger ◽  
J. Hejjas
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Breast Height

Widths of earlywood and latewood in each annual ring, measured on an average radius on a disk taken halfway between each branch whorl, were analyzed to define their variation in 18 Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). Distribution of ring width and percentage latewood also was investigated in these trees which had from 20 to 50 whorls above stump height. Multiple regression and correlation analyses showed that number of rings from pith, and its reciprocal, square, or logarithm accounted for most of the variation in radial growth. Number of rings from pith influenced thickness of both earlywood and latewood much more than the climatic differences reflected by variations in annual height growth and in widths of earlywood and latewood formed at breast height in the same calendar year. Since earlywood and latewood are distributed differently and controlled by different factors, they should be studied separately within annual rings. The statistical methods used in this study provide a simple, efficient, and comprehensive basis for thoroughly describing growth patterns, and for objectively analyzing factors that govern growth.

CELL LENGTH AND RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM OF THE SEQUOIAS

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Sequoia Sempervirens ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells

This report deals with the frequency of anticlinal (multiplicative) divisions in fusiform cambial cells, cell length at the time of division, and ring width as determined mostly in Sequoia sempervirens. The general relationships between these anatomical features resembled those observed in other conifers, but the frequency of anticlinal division was relatively high and the cells were long. Accordingly, the rate of cambial cell lengthening in the repetitive cycle of anticlinal division and cell elongation was found to exceed that in other conifers. Upward in the lower part of the stem the rate of anticlinal division decreased and cell length increased. A comparatively high rate of anticlinal division was maintained in the peripheral growth of large boles in both species, but cell length was greater in S. sempervirens than in S. gigantea.

RING WIDTH, TRACHEID SIZE, AND RAY VOLUME IN STEM WOOD OF THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L.

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Rates Of Growth

The interrelations between varied growth rates and those phases of cambial activity involved in determination of tracheid size and ray volume were investigated in Thuja occidentalis. Length of tracheids at the time of pseudotransverse division of the initiating cambial cells was determined from the peripheral wood of stems which fell within a similar range of size but differed in their rates of growth. The circumstances which favored accelerated growth, as shown in more frequent periclinal divisions in the cambium, encouraged earlier pseudotransverse division of fusiform initials and hence the production of shorter tracheids. Among trees of similar size decline in growth rate was accompanied by lengthening of cambial cells to a maximum associated with annual radial increments of 0.7 to 0.8 mm. Tracheid diameter was only slightly influenced by the rate of growth. Tangential width underwent minor increase in suppressed trees and radial diameter was slightly augmented in fast-growing trees. A positive correlation was revealed between ray volume and rate of growth.

SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN RATE OF ANTICLINAL DIVISION, CAMBIAL CELL LENGTH, AND RING WIDTH IN THE GROWTH OF CONIFEROUS TREES

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1359-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Anticlinal Division ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Uniform Ring ◽  
Tree Development

The early growth of a tree is marked by a widening of the annual increments, a deceleration in rate of multiplicative (anticlinal) division of fusiform cambial cells, and an increase in cell length. Distance outward from the pith at which maximation in cell size occurs, and subsequent trends in cell dimensions, are apparently modified by rate of growth. Continuation of a uniform ring width through the middle to late years favors comparative constancy in rate of anticlinal division and cell size during that stage of tree development. Reduction in amount of annual increment in the late growth to the width optimal for cell extension, about 1 mm, induces a delayed and probably heightened maximation in cell length. Continued lessening in radial growth to an annual accretion of 0.5 mm or less, with the onset of senility, results in acceleration in rate of multiplicative division and reduction in cell length.

The influence of wind on ring width and cell length in conifer stems

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Bannan ◽  
M. Bindra
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Cell Length ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Wind Action ◽  
The Difference

In the three species studied, inequalities were noted in amount of radial growth around the stem. Rings tended to be wider on the east than on the west side. Because the prevailing wind is from the west, the eccentricity is interpreted as being due to wind action. In keeping with the general inverse relationship between ring width and cell length, the cells were longest on the west side where the rings were narrowest. The difference in cell length was not relatable to diversity in frequency of multiplicative divisions in the cambium.

Drought signals inferred from ring-width and stable carbon isotope chronologies from Thuja occidentalis trees growing at their northwestern distribution limit, central Canada

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Au ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotopes ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Ring Formation ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Thuja Occidentalis ◽  
Central Canada

Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) fixed in tree rings are dependent upon environmental conditions. Old northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) trees were sampled at their northwestern limit of distribution in central Canada. The objectives of the study were (i) to investigate the association between tree-ring δ13C values and radial growth in addition to the response of these variables to climate, (ii) to assess site differences between two sites varying in moisture regime, and (iii) to compare tree-ring δ13C of T. occidentalis with that of other boreal tree species growing at the northern limit of their distribution in central Canada. Over 2500 tree rings comprised of 15 T. occidentalis trees were analyzed for δ13C. Annually resolved δ13C (1650–2006) and ring-width (1542–2006) chronologies were developed. During the year of ring formation, ring width was associated with spring and early-summer conditions, whereas δ13C was more indicative of overall summer conditions. However, compared with δ13C values, ring width was more often associated with climate conditions in the year prior to ring formation. Conditions conducive to moisture stress were important for both parameters. Although ring width and δ13C corresponded to the drought intervals of the 1790s, 1840s, 1890s, 1930s, and 1960–1970, ring width may be more responsive to prolonged drought than δ13C. Tree-ring δ13C could, however, provide important information regarding physiological adaptations to drought.

A millennium-long perspective on high-elevation pine recruitment in the Spanish central Pyrenees

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1108-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda ◽  
J. Julio Camarero ◽  
Jan Esper ◽  
J. Diego Galván ◽  
Ulf Büntgen
Keyword(s):  
Ring Width ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Upward Migration ◽  
Scale Temperature ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Climatic Drivers ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Central Pyrenees

Long-term fluctuations in forest recruitment, at time scales well beyond the life-span of individual trees, can be related to climate changes. The underlying climatic drivers are, however, often understudied. Here, we present the recruitment history of a high-elevation mountain pine (Pinus uncinata Ram.) forest in the Spanish central Pyrenees throughout the last millennium. A total of 1108 ring-width series translated into a continuous chronology from 924 to 2014 CE, which allowed estimated germination dates of 470 trees to be compared against decadal-scale temperature variability. High recruitment intensity mainly coincided with relatively warm periods in the early 14th, 15th, 19th, and 20th centuries, whereas cold phases during the mid-17th, early 18th, and mid-19th centuries overlapped with generally low recruitment rates. In revealing the importance of prolonged warm conditions for high-elevation pine recruitment in the Pyrenees, this study suggests increased densification and even possible upward migration of tree-line ecotones under predicted global warming.

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