A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF SUGAR MAPLE DECAYED BY POLYPORUS GLOMERATUS PECK

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Good ◽  
C. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Dark Color

Parenchyma cells of maple wood were found to remain alive, for many years after incorporation into the heartwood In wood invaded by Polyporus glomeratus Peck these cells had been killed in advance of the spreading mycelium, and their contents transformed into masses of dark brown wound gum. These, and similar masses which occasionally formed in the vessels and fibers, gave the outer part of the infected heartwood a characteristic dark color. The presence of wound gum appeared to inhibit development of decay, possibly by reason of the increase in pH with which it has been associated consistently. In tissues containing wound gum, decay was limited to slight delignification of certain cells in the intervessel areas, but following its disappearance disintegration of the tissues was rapid. Variation in resistance to decay was found to be related to variations in the reactions of cell walls to several staining procedures.

Localisation structurale et ultrastructurale d'activités peroxydasiques dans les parois du mésophylle et des fibres en cours de lignification chez l'alfa (Stipa tenacissima)

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2644-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Harche
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Stipa Tenacissima ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Using diaminobenzidine as substrate, peroxidase activity was localized in the walls of parenchyma cells and differentiating fibres. In mature fibres and parenchyma a slight activity could be recognized in primary walls only. In parenchyma cells, peroxidase activity was fairly inhibited with heat, potassium cyanide, and aminotriazole, which could indicate the presence of catalase within the cell walls. However, in plasmodesmatal regions peroxidases were- resistant to the above inhibitors. Syringaldazine oxidase activity was present only in the primary wall and the outer part of the secondary wall of differentiating fibres. The parallelism between lignification and peroxidase activity in the secondary walls supports the hypothesis of the involvement of these enzymes in the lignification process.

scholarly journals In Planta Analysis of the Radial Movement of Minerals from Inside to Outside in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) Trees at the Cellular Level

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Katsushi Kuroda ◽  
Kenichi Yamane ◽  
Yuko Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Japanese Cedar ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Radial Movement ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

Although the radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted phenomenon, experimental evidence of their movement in standing trees and underlying mechanisms is very limited. Previously, we clarified that cesium (Cs) artificially injected into the outer part of the sapwood of standing Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks moved to the inner part of the sapwood, including the intermediate wood, via active transport by xylem parenchyma cells and diffusion through cell walls and then moved into the heartwood by diffusion. To understand the mechanism underlying the radial movement of minerals in the standing tree trunk, it is necessary to clarify their movement in the opposite direction. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the radial movement of minerals from inside to outside in the trunks of standing trees at the cellular level. For this, a long hole across the center part of the trunk, which reached the heartwood, intermediate wood, and sapwood, was made in standing Japanese cedar trunks, and a solution of stable isotope Cs was continuously injected into the hole for several days as a tracer. The injected part of the trunk was collected after being freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen, and the frozen sample was subjected to analysis of Cs distribution at the cellular level using cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Cs injected into the inner sapwood or intermediate wood rapidly moved toward the outer sapwood via xylem ray parenchyma cells together with diffusion through the cell walls. In contrast, the Cs injected into the heartwood barely moved to the sapwood, although it reached a part of the inner intermediate wood. These results suggest that minerals in xylem ray parenchyma cells in the sapwood are bidirectionally supplied to each other; however, the minerals accumulated in the heartwood may not be supplied to living cells.

The morphology of grain abscission in Zizania aquatica

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (21) ◽  
pp. 2269-2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Hanten ◽  
G. E. Ahlgren ◽  
J. B. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Zizania Aquatica ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Anatomical Evidence

The anatomical development of the abscission zone in grains of Zizania aquatica L. was correlated with development of the embryo. The abscission zone is well developed when the embryo sac is mature. Soon after pollination, the first anatomical evidence of abscission appears as plasmolysis of the separation layer parenchyma cells. This is followed by separation of the layers by dissolution of the middle lamella and fragmentation of cell walls. Persistence of intact vascular tissue and presence of a surrounding cone-shaped mass of lignified cells may be involved in abscission of wild rice grains.

Invitro Study of Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism of Principal Fungi Associated with Fomesconnatus in Sugar Maple Acersaccharum

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry A. Tattar ◽  
A. E. Rich
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Liquid Culture ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Successful Colonization

Isolates of Phialophoramelinii and Acrostaphylus sp. from discolored tissue, Trichodermaviride and Mortierella sp. from decayed tissue, and Fomesconnatus from a narrow band of discolored tissue at the border of decayed and discolored tissue, of sugar maple (Acersaccharum) were grown in liquid culture media containing sources of carbon and nitrogen found in tissue of sugar maple. These compounds included the carbohydrates of wood and their component monosaccharides and translocation compounds from xylem sap. Growth was measured as oven-dried weight of mycelium. All fungi utilized the carbohydrate and nitrogen sources, except Mortierella sp. which did not utilize cellulose or xylose. Only P. melinii utilized substantially gallic acid. The degradation of cell walls in living trees may occur both in discolored and decayed tissue and may be caused by nonhyme-nomycetous and hymenomycetous fungi. Selective utilization of host components by some of these may enable successful colonization of wounds and initiation of the processes of discoloration and decay.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

THE ABSENCE OF ELASTIC DEFORMATION IN DRIED BENT CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS IN PLANT CELL WALLS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-343
Author(s):  
J. Ross Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Deformation ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Avena Coleoptile ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Embedding Medium

A small fraction of individual cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls show appreciable bending along a portion of their length in a plane tangential to the cell surface. Segments of such curved microfibrils from transverse sections of Avena coleoptile epidermal or parenchyma cells do not straighten when they are freed from the constraints imposed by adjacent microfibrils, amorphous cell wall constituents, or the embedding medium. The curvature of these segments is not affected by immersion in cold water for 30 minutes, in hot water for 10 minutes, or in steam at 100° for 10 minutes. The results indicate that there is no elastic deformation of bent cellulose microfibrils in dried plant cell walls. The curvature of the microfibrils in the absence of elastic deformation suggests either (a) that cellulose microfibrils may be synthesized in a bent strain-free condition or (b) that cellulose microfibrils are synthesized in a straight form, followed by elastic deformation with subsequent release of strain by recrystallization on drying.

Interactions between a fungal endophyte and gametophyte cells in Psilotum nudum

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Peterson ◽  
Melanie J. Howarth ◽  
Dean P. Whittier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Hyphal Cell ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Host Cytoplasm ◽  
Psilotum Nudum ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

Mature Psilotum gametophytes found in greenhouse pots containing plants of Hoya, Philodendron, Aspidistra, or Diffenbachia were processed for microscopy. An endophytic fungus was abundant in the rhizoids and in most cortical parenchyma cells except at the growing apices. Although the fungus has not been identified, it is an aseptate fungus with coarse hyphae which occasionally form vesicles. Endophytic fungal hyphae store quantities of lipid which appear to be released into the host cytoplasm upon fungal degeneration. This lipid and the remnants of hyphal cell walls may be used as an energy source by the achlorophyllous gametophyte. Gametophyte cell organelles, including the nucleus, appear to degenerate after fungal breakdown, and the cells presumably die. Although reinfection of cells containing degenerated hyphae was found, it was not particularly common.

scholarly journals Chilling Injury in Peaches: A Cytochemical and Ultrastructural Cell Wall Study

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Luza ◽  
R. van Gorsel ◽  
V.S. Polito ◽  
A.A. Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Fruits of mid- (`O'Henry'), late (`Airtime'), and extra-late-season (`Autumn Gem') peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars were examined for changes in cell wall structure and cytochemistry that accompany the onset of mealiness and leatheriness of the mesocarp due to chilling injury. The peaches were stored at 10C for up to 18 days or at SC for up to 29 days. Plastic-embedded sections were stained by the Schiff's-periodic acid reaction, Calcofluor white MR2, and Coriphosphine to demonstrate total insoluble carbohydrates, ß-1,4 glucans, and pectins, respectively. Mealiness was characterized by separation of mesocarp parenchyma cells leading to increased intercellular spaces and accumulation of pectic substances in the intercellular matrix. Little structural change was apparent in the cellulosic component of the cell walls of these fruits. In leathery peaches, the mesocarp parenchyma cells collapsed, intercellular space continued to increase, and pectin-positive staining in the intercellular matrix increased greatly. In addition, the component of the cell walls that stained positively for ß-1,4 glucans became thickened relative to freshly harvested or mealy fruit. At the ultrastructural level, dissolution of the middle lamella, cell separation, irregular thickening of the primary wall, and plasmolysis of the mesocarp parenchyma cells were seen as internal breakdown progressed.

Cellular pathways of source leaf phloem loading and phloem unloading in developing stems of Sorghum bicolor in relation to stem sucrose storage

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky J. Milne ◽  
Christina E. Offler ◽  
John W. Patrick ◽  
Christopher P. L. Grof
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Phloem Loading ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Phloem Unloading ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Storage Parenchyma ◽  
Sucrose Storage ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
And Storage

Cellular pathways of phloem loading in source leaves and phloem unloading in stems of sweet Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench were deduced from histochemical determinations of cell wall composition and from the relative radial mobilities of fluorescent tracer dyes exiting vascular pipelines. The cell walls of small vascular bundles in source leaves, the predicted site of phloem loading, contained minimal quantities of lignin and suberin. A phloem-loaded symplasmic tracer, carboxyfluorescein, was retained within the collection phloem, indicating symplasmic isolation. Together, these findings suggested that phloem loading in source leaves occurs apoplasmically. Lignin was restricted to the walls of protoxylem elements located in meristematic, elongating and recently elongated regions of the stem. The apoplasmic tracer, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, moved radially from the transpiration stream, consistent with phloem and storage parenchyma cells being interconnected by an apoplasmic pathway. The major phase of sucrose accumulation in mature stems coincided with heavy lignification and suberisation of sclerenchyma sheath cell walls restricting apoplasmic tracer movement from the phloem to storage parenchyma apoplasms. Phloem unloading at this stage of stem development followed a symplasmic route linking sieve elements and storage parenchyma cells, as confirmed by the phloem-delivered symplasmic tracer, 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, moving radially from the stem phloem.

scholarly journals The Sugar Content of Cell Walls and Intercellular Spaces in Sugar-Cane Stems and its Relation to Sugar Transport

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Hawker
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Transport ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Storage Parenchyma

In sugar-cane stems which contain large amounts of sucrose the concentration of sucrose in the volume external to the vacuoles was found to approach the concentration present in the vacuoles (20%). It was shown that this sucrose is situated mainly in the aqueous phase of the cell walls and intercellular spaces of the storage parenchyma cells.

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