The rotated-lamina syndrome. VIII. Lamina rotation and anisophylly in two species of Elatostema (Urticacae), and early development of seedlings of E. sessile

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
pp. 1474-1487
Author(s):  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
The Way

Elatostema rugosum A. Cunn. and Elatostema sessile J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. have dorsiventral shoots in which the leaves are arranged in anisophyllous pairs forming four ranks: two on the dorsal and two on the ventral side of the shoot. The ventral leaves have expanded asymmetrical leaf blades with lamina rotation, i.e., the lamina develops in the bud facing towards the upper side of the shoot rather than towards the shoot apex. Each ventral leaf has an asymmetrical intrapetiolar stipule. Lamina rotation occurs by asymmetrical development at the base of the leaf blade above the attachment of the stipule. The dorsal leaves are small, scale-like, approximately symmetrical exstipulate structures. The development of the ventral leaf is generally similar to that found in previous studies of related anisophyllous cases, but the dorsal leaf is reduced to a scale and is simpler than in related cases. Seedlings of E. sessile have been examined to investigate the way in which the combination of unusual features of shoot structure is produced, and also to cast light on the homology of the dorsal leaf. Anisophylly and asymmetry appear in the first pair of leaves formed above the cotyledons in seedlings and become accentuated in subsequent pairs. Events in seedlings suggest the dorsal leaf is derived by reduction from an initial state with blade, stipule, and basal region to the basal region alone. The rapid establishment of lamina rotation and asymmetry in the seedling shoot differs from most other cases described and adds to previous arguments that lamina rotation has arisen independently in a number of taxonomic groups.

Aspirates and ejectives in Quechua-influenced Spanish

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Babel
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Sound System ◽  
Andean Spanish ◽  
Mayan Languages ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Spanish Phonology ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article describes the use of aspirates and ejectives in a variety of Spanish with significant Quechua contact influence that is spoken in the Santa Cruz valleys of central Bolivia. Aspirates and ejectives occur primarily on Quechua loanwords, making these ‘intermediate phonological relationships’ (Hall 2013) that are hard to categorize with respect to their status as phonetic vs. phonological features. Results from a small-scale perception and shadowing task show that language users are able to distinguish between these sounds and canonical Spanish consonants in minimal pairs, but that there is variation among speakers in the way these sounds are reproduced. While the use of aspirates and glottal stops in Spanish in contact with Mayan languages has been documented (Michnowicz 2015; Michnowicz and Kagan 2016) previous studies of Andean Spanish phonology have not reported the use of aspirates and ejectives as part of the sound system (Boynton 1981; Cassano 1974; Pyle 1981).

English as a Medium of Instruction on the Way to Sustainability and Internationalization in Non-English-Speaking Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-256
Author(s):  
Aizhan Daukenova ◽  
Ainur Askhatova ◽  
Zhibek Kaisar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Way

The present chapter describes the comparative analysis of the implementation of English as a medium of instruction in Kazakhstan and other non-English speaking countries by presenting a small-scale study of revealing the attitudes of graduate students and lecturers towards EMI in Kazakhstan. Compared to other countries, Kazakhstan has a number of similar issues in the implementation of English as a medium of instruction, which creates the possibility of performing a practice based on the experience of others. The research on English as a medium of instruction has revealed that EMI in Kazakhstan is in need of further guidance and investigation.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Baroclinic Zonal Jets*

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 1137-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Williams ◽  
Christopher W. Kelsall
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Zonal Flow ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Zonal Jets ◽  
Rotation Periods ◽  
Inverse Energy Cascade ◽  
Geostrophic Turbulence

Abstract Multiple alternating zonal jets are a ubiquitous feature of planetary atmospheres and oceans. However, most studies to date have focused on the special case of barotropic jets. Here, the dynamics of freely evolving baroclinic jets are investigated using a two-layer quasigeostrophic annulus model with sloping topography. In a suite of 15 numerical simulations, the baroclinic Rossby radius and baroclinic Rhines scale are sampled by varying the stratification and root-mean-square eddy velocity, respectively. Small-scale eddies in the initial state evolve through geostrophic turbulence and accelerate zonally as they grow in horizontal scale, first isotropically and then anisotropically. This process leads ultimately to the formation of jets, which take about 2500 rotation periods to equilibrate. The kinetic energy spectrum of the equilibrated baroclinic zonal flow steepens from a −3 power law at small scales to a −5 power law near the jet scale. The conditions most favorable for producing multiple alternating baroclinic jets are large baroclinic Rossby radius (i.e., strong stratification) and small baroclinic Rhines scale (i.e., weak root-mean-square eddy velocity). The baroclinic jet width is diagnosed objectively and found to be 2.2–2.8 times larger than the baroclinic Rhines scale, with a best estimate of 2.5 times larger. This finding suggests that Rossby wave motions must be moving at speeds of approximately 6 times the turbulent eddy velocity in order to be capable of arresting the isotropic inverse energy cascade.

Changes in the Shoot Apex during the Early Development of the Fern Marsilea vestita

Nature ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 213 (5079) ◽  
pp. 945-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN J. GAUDET ◽  
RICHARD K. MALENKY
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Marsilea Vestita

The Foreign Policy Uses of the Chinese Revolutionary Model

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
American Student ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

As we all know only too well, the American student of Chinese Communist affairs must rely heavily on the recorded public utterances of representatives of the régime. The interpretation of such data is of course subject to a number of uncertainties. The ways in which public political statements can be used to deceive, to mislead, or to bargain are not always obvious. Even when a statement embodies a real calculation or the speaker's genuine perception of the world, the motive for making it may lie in the passing demands of small-scale tactics, or it may be of extreme subjective import to the speaker. One of the more favourable situations for analysis of this kind of material is found when linked propositions concerning a unitary topic are reiterated over a fairly long tune period, so that they occur in varying environmental contexts, with qualitative or quantitative variations in content, and with fluctuations of frequency or emphasis. The problem under examination here— the way the Chinese Communists have represented the significance for others of their experience in achieving power by revolutionary means— fits these last specifications.

The nonlinear properties of a large-scale dynamo driven by helical forcing

2002 ◽  
Vol 456 ◽  
pp. 219-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
FAUSTO CATTANEO ◽  
DAVID W. HUGHES ◽  
JEAN-CLAUDE THELEN
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Forced Flow ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dynamo Action ◽  
Initial State ◽  
The Magnetic Field

By considering an idealized model of helically forced flow in an extended domain that allows scale separation, we have investigated the interaction between dynamo action on different spatial scales. The evolution of the magnetic field is studied numerically, from an initial state of weak magnetization, through the kinematic and into the dynamic regime. We show how the choice of initial conditions is a crucial factor in determining the structure of the magnetic field at subsequent times. For a simulation with initial conditions chosen to favour the growth of the small-scale field, the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field can be described in terms of the α-effect of mean field magnetohydrodynamics. We have investigated this feature further by a series of related numerical simulations in smaller domains. Of particular significance is that the results are consistent with the existence of a nonlinearly driven α-effect that becomes saturated at very small amplitudes of the mean magnetic field.

Investigating Combustion Turbine Burner Performance With Coal Derived Liquids Having High Fuel Bound Nitrogen

1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Pillsbury ◽  
A. Cohn ◽  
P. R. Mulik ◽  
T. R. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Electric Power Research Institute ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Present Program ◽  
Flame Radiation ◽  
Coal Liquids

The Electric Power Research Institute is conducting a program to develop combustion turbine burners for high-bound nitrogen, highly aromatic, low hydrogen/carbon ratio coal derived liquids. The problems of fueling standard units with these liquids are being determined, with special emphasis on environmental aspects. Small-scale and full-scale laboratory combustor tests are described. Results from earlier tests are surveyed, especially with regard to smoke production NOx emissions and flame radiation. A unique feature of the present program is the stress on developing surrogate petroleum-derived fuel to “stand-in” for scarce coal liquids during early development of the advanced burners needed to handle a broad range of coal liquids.

Originalism and the Academy in Exile

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 787-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baumgardner
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Constitutional Interpretation ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Law Schools ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remarkable Degree ◽  
American Law ◽  
The Way

Although constitutional originalism has attracted a remarkable degree of public and professional attention over the past several decades, little research has been conducted on the intellectual roots of modern originalism. This Article finds that American law schools housed few originalist theorists through much of the 1970s and early 1980s. However, after Edwin Meese III became U.S. Attorney General in 1985, the Department of Justice constructed a vibrant academy in exile, with government lawyers leading the way in the early development, theorization, and exercise of originalism. In addition to becoming the official mode of constitutional interpretation for Meese and the DOJ, originalism started to gain followers on the federal bench and within conservative social movements during the second half of the 1980s. As constitutional originalism grew in influence and professional use, academic interlocutors began engaging with and reimagining originalism more intently.

Craft beer – building social terroir through connecting people, place and business

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelie Sjölander-Lindqvist ◽  
Wilhelm Skoglund ◽  
Daniel Laven
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Craft Beer ◽  
The Way

Purpose This paper aims to propose the concept of social terroir to help navigate phenomenological and epistemological conditions of small-scale food entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach This study used a qualitative research approach and was implemented in the peripheral region of Jämtland in northern Sweden. The study interrogated the ambitions of craft brewers when starting up, their long-term goals and visions, including questions about the reason for starting up a brewery, how the different brewers cooperate and how and why the products are designed and labelled the way they are. Findings This study shows that the production of craft beer is an inherently social practice that is part of a particular sociocultural milieu. This milieu informs production in distinct and interrelated ways: through connecting to place and locality in the different aspects of production and marketing, through cooperation to develop production and overcome barriers, and through embedding their work in sustainability discourses. Originality/value The study addresses how, in the context of craft beer, terroir or taste of place, is a matter of social ties to place and community–social terroir. What is novel is the way in which social terroir becomes a critical ingredient in the production of craft beer. This illustrates how small-scale food production and gastronomic efforts can link people, places and businesses.

Marine stocking in Chile: a review of past progress and future opportunities for enhancing marine artisanal fisheries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Francisco Cárcamo ◽  
Luis A Henríquez-Antipa ◽  
Francisco Galleguillos ◽  
Luis Figueroa-Fábrega ◽  
Matthew D Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Stock Enhancement ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Artisanal Fisheries ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Benthic Resources ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Spawning Biomass

Chile has a long history of restocking, stock enhancement, and translocation to support artisanal or small-scale fisheries; however, these programs have been scarcely discussed in the scientific literature. Here, we present a review of previous initiatives and discuss specific areas for future progress. We identified 204 releases across 117 different areas, involving 7 taxonomic groups and 22 species (20 marine and 2 freshwater). Marine stocking mainly occurred within the context of the spatial framework through which artisanal fisheries are managed [Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (MEABR)], and over 60% involved translocation of wild individuals rather than release of hatchery-reared seed. While “stock enhancement” was the primary intention for most releases, it is unclear whether depleted spawning biomass or other recruitment limitations were the primary motivation, and few projects reported more than one stocking event. The echinoid Loxechinus albus and the gastropod Concholepas concholepas were the main target species. Only 6% of projects examined reported positive results that could be linked to releases, and none reported the use of tagging or analysis of costs or benefits. There are several areas for targeted development that should improve the social and economic outcomes from marine stocking activities. This synthesis provides a snapshot of marine stocking in Chile to date and highlights opportunities that are relevant to both Chile and other nations with substantial small-scale fisheries.

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