The anatomy of Santalum album (Sandalwood) haustoria

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kushan U. Tennakoon ◽  
Duncan D. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Hyaline Body ◽  
Direct Pressure ◽  
Xylem Tissue ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Santalum Album L

Structural attributes of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood) haustoria have been long overlooked in the literature. This is surprising since successful haustorial formation is key to the survival of individuals of this ecologically and economically important plant. We investigated the morphology of haustoria formed by S. album attached to one of its principal hosts Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray. The bell-shaped mature haustoria were composed of a peripheral hyaline body and a centrally located penetration peg. The parasite penetration peg can penetrate the host by means of direct pressure and the secretion of cell-wall-degrading enzymes when forming a successful graft union. The latter mechanism is supported by this study as we observed no evidence of collapsed host cells as the result of parasite applied pressure. Upon reaching the xylem tissue of the host root, the penetration peg formed a thin ellipsoidal disc and the host–parasite interface was almost entirely composed of parenchymatous tissue. Luminal continuities were absent between the xylem conducting tissues of the partners, thus suggesting mass flow of solutes is unlikely to occur in this association. High densities of contact parenchyma were found at the host–parasite interface; thus it is probable that these are the principal structures formed by the parasite that facilitate the acquisition of host-derived xylem resources. This study therefore concludes that haustorial anatomy of S. album supports cross membrane (potentially selective) uptake of host-derived solutes as opposed to mass flow via vascular continuity.

scholarly journals Effect of Host Plants and Potting Mixture on Growth of Sandalwood Seedlings at Nursery Stage

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
Shubhashree Sahu V. Maheswarappa ◽  
Ramakrishna Hegde N. Kencharaddi ◽  
B. N. Sathish
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Planting Stock ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Santalum Album L

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is one of the most valuable commercially cultivated aromatic species throughout the world. However, the availability of quality planting stock isthe current bottleneck in its establishment on large scale. The major problems, noticed during quality planting stock production in nurseries are scarce knowledge about host-parasite relationship and use of appropriate potting mixture apart from its seed germination. In this regard two experiments were carried out at the College of Forestry, Ponnampet during 2020-2021 to identify suitable host plant and potting mixture. Growth parameters were recorded after 90, 180 and 270 days of transplanting sandal seedlings into treatments. After 270 days of transplanting, the host plant A. lebbeck recorded higher survival of sandal seedlings (81.89 %) and the host plant C. junghuhniana had higher height growth (10.40 cm) with collar diameter 2.33mm. Potting mixture sand, soil, vermicompost, G. intraradices with C. Junghuhninana found effective for height (18.25 cm) and collar diameter (2.58 mm).

Introduction: disease resistance in plants

1972 ◽  
Vol 181 (1064) ◽  
pp. 213-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Host Parasite

This paper discusses in general terms the mechanisms proposed to explain the resistance of higher plants to infection and colonization by bacteria and fungi, especially the type of resistance associated with rapid killing of host cells and very limited growth of the pathogen; that is, with the hypersensitive reaction of the plant to infection (h.r.). The main points considered are: the significance of the h.r. for obligate and other types of parasites; the nature of the h.r. and the means by which it is invoked; the absence of the h.r in compatible host-parasite combinations; the h.r. and the production of phytoalexins, and the role of the latter in resistance; the part played by cell-wall degrading enzymes in the earliest stages of infection; the relation between the h.r. in interactions between races of a pathogen and different forms of a host species, on the one hand, and the resistance of all plants to almost all pathogens, on the other. Also discussed is the less specific but important type of resistance in which the pathogen continues to grow in resistant plants more slowly than in susceptible plants.

scholarly journals Optimization of Different Factors for Initiation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Suspension Cultures in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Tripathi ◽  
Niraj Tripathi ◽  
Sushma Tiwari ◽  
Gyanendra Tiwari ◽  
Nishi Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Santalum Album L ◽  
Embryogenic Tissues

Santalum album (L.) is a prized tropical tree species of high therapeutic and industrial importance. The wood of these naturally grown plants is extensively harvested to acquire therapeutically important metabolite santalol and be used for additional functions such as in wood statuette industries. Due to high demand, it is crucial to maintain a sufficient plant population. An easy protocol for establishing cell suspension culture initiated from the loose embryogenic callus mass of sandalwood was realized by shifting 6–8-week-old morphogenic calli acquired from the mature embryonic axis and cotyledon explant cultures in fluid media. The asynchronous embryogenic cultures were sloughed with clumps of flourishing cell clumps and embryos of various progressive phases along with diffident non-embryogenic tissues. The frequency of embryo proliferation was evidenced to determinethe expansion pace of embryogenic masses under diverse conditions. The intonation of initiation and creation of cell suspension was under the directive of the influence of exogenous plant growth regulators amended in the nutrient medium at different concentrations and combinations. Maximum relative growth rate (386%) and clumps/embryoids in elevated integers (321.44) were accomplished on MS nutrient medium fortified with 2.0 mg L−1 2,4-D in association with 0.5 mg L−1 BA and 30.0 g L−1 sucrose raised from mature embryonic axis-derived calli. Plantlet regeneration in higher frequency (84.43%) was evidenced on MS medium amended with 1.0 mg L−1 each of TDZ and GA3 in conjunction with 0.5 mg L−1 NAA and 20.0 g L−1 sucrose. Mature embryonic axis-derived calli were found to be constantly better than mature cotyledon-derived calli for raising profitable and reproducible cell suspension cultures. Regenerants displayed normal growth and morphology and were founded successfully in the external environment after hardening.

Functional characterization of an Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) dual-localized bifunctional nerolidol/linalool synthase gene involved in stress response

2021 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 112610
Author(s):  
Xinhua Zhang ◽  
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva ◽  
Meiyun Niu ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Huanfang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Santalum Album L ◽  
Linalool Synthase

scholarly journals The biosynthesis of cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline in sandal (Santalum album L.)

1970 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 1015-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Kuttan ◽  
A N Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Santalum Album ◽  
Santalum Album L

Characterization of somatic embryogenesis in sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sankara Rao ◽  
N. K. Chrungoo ◽  
Amares Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Santalum Album L

scholarly journals KUTU SISIK PADA CENDANA (Santalum album L.) DI KUPANG, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Eritrina Windyarini ◽  
Illa Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Santalum Album ◽  
Santalum Album L

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of High and Low oil yielding Santalum album L.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanzeem Fatima ◽  
Rangachari Krishnan ◽  
Ashutosh Srivastava ◽  
Vageeshbabu S. Hanur ◽  
M. Srinivasa Rao
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Santalum Album ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Oil Biosynthesis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Santalum Album L

East Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is highly valued for its heartwood and its oil. There have been no efforts to comparative study of high and low oil yielding genetically identical sandalwood trees grown in similar climatic condition. Thus we intend to study a genome wide transcriptome analysis to identify the corresponding genes involved in high oil biosynthesis in S. album. In this study, 15 years old S. album (SaSHc and SaSLc) genotypes were targeted for analysis to understand the contribution of genetic background on high oil biosynthesis in S. album. A total of 28,959187 and 25,598869 raw PE reads were generated by the Illumina sequencing. 2.12 million and 1.811 million coding sequences were obtained in respective accessions. Based on the GO terms, functional classification of the CDS 21262, & 18113 were assigned into 26 functional groups of three GO categories; (4,168; 3,641) for biological process (5,758;4,971) cellular component and (5,108;4,441) for molecular functions. Total 41,900 and 36,571 genes were functionally annotated and KEGG pathways of the DEGs resulted 213 metabolic pathways. In this, 14 pathways were involved in secondary metabolites biosynthesis pathway in S. album. Among 237 cytochrome families, nine groups of cytochromes were participated in high oil biosynthesis. 16,665 differentially expressed genes were commonly detected in both the accessions (SaHc and SaSLc). The results showed that 784 genes were upregulated and 339 genes were downregulated in SaHc whilst 635 upregulated 299 downregulated in SaSLc S. album. RNA-Seq results were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR. Maximum Blast hits were found to be against Vitis vinifera. From this study we have identified additional number of cytochrome family in SaHc. The accessibility of a RNA-Seq for high oil yielding sandalwood accessions will have broader associations for the conservation and selection of superior elite samples/populations for further genetic improvement program.

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