Anisophylly in Aucuba japonica (Cornaceae): An outcome of spatial crowding in the bud

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Sohrab Ali ◽  
Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Pair ◽  
Aucuba Japonica ◽  
Inflorescence Axis ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Size

Anisophylly in Aucuba japonica Thunb. occurs exclusively in axillary buds on shoots of individuals that have reached reproductive maturity; juvenile plants or sprouts and shoots from terminal vegetative buds on adult plants are isophyllous. The initially smaller leaf primordium in each anisophyllous leaf pair gives rise to the larger final leaf size. Immediately before bud break, the size of the initially smaller primordium is already almost twice as large as the initially larger primordium, and the size differential is further amplified following bud break. The degree of aniso phylly, however, varies among the nodes of a shoot, depending on leaf pair orientation (tangential or parallel to the inflorescence axis) and nodal position. Paired leaves approach isophylly when they originate tangential to an inflorescence but become anisophyllous when originating parallel to an inflorescence. The degree of anisophylly depends on crown light conditions through effects on terminal bud size and foliage distribution on the shoot, but ultimately appears to arise from space limitations and crowding between the leaf primordia and the developing inflorescence in terminal reproductive buds.Key words: Aucuba, anisophylly, bud internal morphology, developmental anatomy, developmental constraints.

scholarly journals Assimilation apparatus variability of beech transplants grown in variable light conditions of blue spruce shelter

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Špulák
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Blue Spruce ◽  
Specific Leaf Mass ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Variable Light

The paper valuates the differences in the selected characteristics of the assimilation apparatus of beech transplants growing in various light conditions of blue spruce small pole stage in the Jizerské hory Mts. in the Czech Republic. The leaf area, chemical parameters, and photosynthetic capacity measured by the method of chlorophyll fluorescence were established. Light conditions of individual beech trees were determined by means of processing a hemisphere photograph of the crown space. The research revealed a significant trend of decreasing nitrogen content with increasing irradiance of the beech. The foliage of the sheltered beech trees exhibited higher contents of phosphorus and potassium. The average specific leaf mass (SLM) of the beech under crowns was lower (0.303 contrary to 0.499 g/dm<sup>2</sup> in gap) and the respective variants did not differ in average leaf size. A significantly higher maximum fluorescence and a maximum quantum yield (0.854 contrary to 0.803 in gap) were found under crowns. A significant variance was also observed in the absorption capacity. It follows that the beech showed adaptation to the light conditions defined by its location within the stand of blue spruce.

Photosynthesis, vegetative habit and culinary properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) in response to low-light conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Mapes ◽  
Yan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Soluble Protein Content ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Double Blind

Mapes, C. and Xu, Y. 2014. Photosynthesis, vegetative habit and culinary properties of sage (Salvia officinalis) in response to low-light conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 881–889. Culinary sage (Salvia officinalis) is known to grow better at sunny locations with good drainage. However, when there is a necessity to propagate it in controlled environments with minimal additional lighting, or at shady locations, how significantly its growth and production would be restricted has not been well investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the responses of sage grown in a greenhouse over the winter when ambient light in the greenhouse is lower than 212 μmol m−2 s−1 (or a daily light integral of 9.2 mol m−2 d−1). Sage seedlings were planted in growing media and covered with various shade cloths to reach 70, 50 and 30% of the ambient irradiance. Photochemical efficiency and in situ chlorophyll status were estimated at 7, 21, and 56 d. The daily leaf emergence rate was calculated by monitoring changes in leaf number. Plant height, leaf size, biomass, aroma rating and soluble protein content of the sage plants grown under various light levels were measured at 84 d. The results indicate that light impacted the integrity of chloroplasts and the photosynthetic capacity of sage plants, as manifested by the lower the light level, the more the declines in variable fluorescence/maximal fluorescence and chlorophyll content index. Biochemical analysis revealed that the concentration of chlorophyll (per gram leaf dry mass) slightly increased under 50 and 30% light, but that of carotenoids was not changed. Light also affected the vegetative habit of sage plants. With reduced light intensity, plant height increased, whereas leaf size and number decreased. Double-blind aroma testing suggested that adequate light intesity might be required for the biosynthesis of essential oil in sage, attenuating its aroma. The soluble protein content in sage leaves declined at 50 and 30% light, suggesting a deminished source of essential amino acids contained in the plant. In summary, sage responds sensitively to reducing irradiance, which directly restricts its photosynthesis, and thus alters its vegetative growth and culinary properties.

EFFECT OF THIOUREA ON TERMINAL BUD BREAK OF MANGO

1997 ◽  
pp. 71-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tongumpai ◽  
S. Charnwichit ◽  
S. Srisuchon ◽  
S. Subhadrabandhu
Keyword(s):  
Bud Break ◽  
Terminal Bud

scholarly journals Effects of Gallery Applied at Different Growth Stages to Dwarf Burning Bush (Euonymus alatus ‘Compacts’)

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydha Salihu ◽  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Euonymus Alatus ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Abstract The effect of Gallery application timing on dwarf burning bush tolerance was determined in field trials. Gallery was applied foliarly at 0.84, 1.69 and 3.39 kg ai/ha (0.75, 1.5 and 3 lb ai/A) to dwarf burning bush at different growth stages. Gallery applied at the dormant stage and two months after bud-break did not injure dwarf burning bush. Plants treated one month after bud-break with all three rates were injured approximately 30 to 45% at one and three months after herbicide application. Injury symptoms were manifested as decreased leaf size and leaf distortions. Gallery applied at 0.84 and 1.69 kg/ha (0.75 and 1.5 lb/A) one month after bud-break decreased plant width. Shoot-dieback was also observed in plants treated with Gallery at all rates one month after bud-break. Gallery at all three rates applied one month after bud-break caused 60 to 75% of the leaves to defoliate six weeks earlier in the fall compared to the other application timings.

Freezing temperatures and exposure times during bud break and shoot elongation influence survival and growth of containerized black spruce (Piceamariana) seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1481-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine J. Bigras ◽  
Carole Hébert
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Spring Frosts

Spring frosts frequently cause significant damage to conifer seedlings during bud flushing and shoot elongation in forestry nurseries. To insure adequate protection, levels of frost sensitivity must be known during these stages of development. Eight- or 9-month-old containerized black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana (Mill.) BSP) were submitted to freezing temperatures of 0° to −10 °C for 1–6 h at the following stages: (1) nonswollen terminal buds, (2) swollen terminal buds, (3) terminal bud scales bursting, needle tips emerging, and (4) shoots elongating, 1−5 cm. After freezing, seedlings were grown for 130 days in a greenhouse. Seedling survival was estimated; dead seedlings discarded; and damage to buds, needles, and roots as well as diameter and shoot increment were measured on the remaining seedlings. Frost sensitivity increased as buds flushed and new shoots elongated. Decreased seedling and bud survival was noted with increasing time of freezing exposure and decreasing temperature in stages 2, 3, and 4. Damage to needles and roots increases, while diameter decreases, with decreasing temperatures at all stages; however, shoot increment was influenced by decreasing temperatures only at stages 2 and 3.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of rolC Results in Unique Plant Phenotypes

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Gardner ◽  
Tracy Melberg ◽  
Manju George ◽  
Alan G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Corolla Length ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Ornamental Crops

Expression of the rolC gene in plants has been shown to cause pleiotropic effects, including decreased height. The effects of differential rolC gene expression on plant height, leaf color, root growth, leaf size, corolla length, and stem diameter were determined. Differential expression of rolC in Nicotiana tabacum L. `Samsun' plants was achieved using the 35S promoter, the light-inducible rbcS promoter, or the native rolC promoter. Sixteen plants from the T1 generation—six with the 35S promoter, six with the rbcS promoter, and four with the native rolC promoter—and non-transformed controls were measured for height, internode length, branch number, bud size, corolla length and diameter, root growth, and the number of days to flowering. Steady state mRNA levels of rolC were measured in roots, stems, and leaves to assess relationships between rolC expression level in specific tissues and phenotypes. Plants expressing rolC showed a wide range of phenotypes, with the largest changes in plants expressing rolC using the 35S promoter, which also had the highest rolC mRNA levels. Plants expressing rolC with the rolC or rbcS promoter had significant changes for many measured traits, despite rolC mRNA levels that were not significantly different from non-transformed controls. In general, as rolC mRNA levels increased, so did the severity of the rolC phenotype observed. Three plants, A4, A7, and B9, had unique combinations of traits that did not follow this general trend. Transformation with rolC can be useful in ornamental crops where smaller cultivars are desired.

APICAL AND RADIAL GROWTH OF WHITE SPRUCE (PICEA GLAUCA (MOENCH) VOSS) AT CHALK RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 659-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Peripheral Zone ◽  
Apical Growth ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Mother Cells

Apical and radial growth, and the developmental anatomy of vegetative and reproductive buds of Picea glauca, were investigated. Apical growth of the leader occurred from mid-May until mid-July, that of the side branches from mid-May until late June or early July. Total apical growth of the side branches, in general, diminished with their distance from the leader. Initiation of radial growth started in the main axis behind the terminal bud and moved basipetally along the trunk. Cessation of radial growth followed the same order.The apex of the vegetative bud developed in late July or early August includes a central zone, a peripheral zone with needle primordia, and a basal zone of thick-walled cells. Reproductive buds could be recognized by early August as oblong structures with globose appendages. By mid-August, these appendages had differentiated into either pollen sacs with pollen mother cells in the male buds, or into bracts and ovuliferous scales in the female ones. The female cone entered winter with little visible internal differentiation. The influence of temperature fluctuations on vegetative and reproductive growth is discussed.

scholarly journals Reapplication of bud break promoters in ‘Fuji Suprema’ apple trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luiz Petri ◽  
André Amarildo Sezerino ◽  
Cristhian Leonardo Fenili
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Bud Sprouting ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Fruit Mass

Abstract The aim of this work was to verify the effectiveness of the reapplication of bud break producers on flowering, sprouting and production of ‘Fuji Suprema’ apple trees. The experiment was carried out in an experimental orchard located in the municipality of Caçador, SC, during 2016/2017 to 2019/2020 seasons. Treatments were applied at stages B and C, and those with reapplication, from 7 to 14 days after the first application. Phenology, axillary and terminal bud break, frui set, production per plant and average fruit mass were evaluated. Phenology was advanced in relation to control with the application of bud break promoters. However, treatments applied at stage B provided greater advance in relation to applications at stage C. In axillary and terminal bud break, all treatments were superior to control. In some seasons, the sequential application of bud break promoters increased bud sprouting compared to single application treatment. There is no reduction fruit set in treatments with sequential application in relation to single application. In plant production, sequential applications did not differ from single application. The average fruit mass was not altered by the sequential application of bud break promoters.

scholarly journals Leaf Removal and Terminal Bud Size Affect the Fruiting Habits of Cranberry

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 997-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Patten ◽  
J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

Percentage of fruiting uprights, fruit set, number of fruit per upright, and flower bud formation of `McFarlin' and `Stevens' cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were reduced by removal of old leaves, new leaves, or both on the upright. Results varied slightly, based on which leaves were removed, time of removal, cultivar, year, and bog site. Percentage of fruiting uprights, flowers and fruit per upright, and fruit set were higher on uprights with a terminal bud size >1 mm in diameter in September than for those <1 mm in diameter. Effects were cultivar and site dependent. Terminal bud size of `McFarlin' was negatively related to the subtending number of fruit and positively related to leaf fresh weight of the upright.

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