The effect of salinity and CO2 enrichment on the growth and anatomy of the second trifoliate leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley Bray ◽  
David M Reid
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Leaf Expansion Rate ◽  
Area And Volume

The effect of CO2 and NaCl on the second trifoliate leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was studied. Salt reduced leaf area and volume. Volume density of the palisade mesophyll was increased and that of the intercellular spaces and abaxial epidermis was reduced. Salt increased the numbers of epidermal and palisade cells per unit area and the stomatal density of the abaxial epidermis but reduced the numbers of cells per leaf. Salt reduced stomatal indices of both epidermal surfaces, cell volumes, relative leaf expansion rate, leaf plastochron index, leaf fresh and dry weights, and specific leaf area. Elevated CO2 increased leaf area and volume, reduced the density of epidermal and palisade cells and increased fresh and dry weights. Cell areas and volumes of epidermal and palisade cells, but not stomates, were increased. Elevated CO2 partially overcame some salinity effects such as leaf area, volume, specific leaf area, and relative leaf expansion rate. Leaf fresh and dry weights, leaf volume, palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue volume, and the numbers of palisade and epidermal cells per leaf equalled controls. Under high CO2, epidermal and intercellular space volume, cell areas, stomatal index, and the volume density of intercellular spaces and abaxial epidermis were reduced, and the volume density of the palisade mesophyll increased. Leaf thickness, palisade cell length and volume, volume density of spongy mesophyll, and succulence were greater than controls in salt and high-CO2 leaves. High CO2 had more effect on salt-stressed than unstressed plants in leaf weight, thickness, and cell volume.Key words: CO2 enrichment, leaf growth, leaf anatomy, Phaseolus vulgaris, salinity.

White Stripe Disorder of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) in Malaysia

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rajaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
White Stripe ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
Palisade Cells ◽  
Space Volume

SUMMARYOil palms with white stripe have greatly reduced yields. In the chlorotic areas of the leaflets, columnar palisade cells fail to develop and there is a reduction in air-space volume of the spongy mesophyll. Leaf area and photosynthetic activity are also reduced. Recovery of palms showing symptoms was spasmodic. The condition is discussed in relation to boron, to N/K ratio, polyphenols and availability of photosynthate.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural and Surface Features of Apple Leaves following White Apple Leafhopper Feeding

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
Robert M. Welker ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Douglas G. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Injury ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Feeding Area ◽  
Palisade Cells

White apple leafhopper (WALH; Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee) feeding damage on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. WALH created feeding holes in the (lower) abaxial epidermis, with no visible exterior evidence of cell injury to the adaxial (upper) epidermis. Feeding holes were located in areas of the leaf with high stomatal density and were near stomata. Groups of cells in the palisade layers were empty or contained coagulated cell contents. Adjacent, apparently noninjured, palisade cells contained an abundance of starch granules, possibly indicating that photoassimilate export was impaired. Spongy mesophyll cells abaxial to the feeding area were left intact as were the epidermal cells adaxial to the feeding area. External views of either epidermis and internal leaf views of injured cells indicated no cell wall collapse.

Effects of Plant Density and Thinning on High-Yielding Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Mexíco

1977 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aguilar M. Immer ◽  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
Joshue Kohashi S.
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Pod Number

SUMMARYThe influence of leaf area and inter-plant competition on the growth and yield of a crop of high-yielding dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in central Mexico was studied, using density and thinning treatments. The highest seed yield (4210 kg/ha at 14% moisture) was obtained with the highest density (28·8 plants/m2). Thinning showed that pods/plant was sensitive to inter-plant competition between 36 and 78 days after seeding (first flower at 50 days), but seeds/pod, and especially seed weight, were not sensitive. It is suggested that the close positive relation between yield and leaf area duration derives from the influence of photosynthate supply upon pod number.

scholarly journals A Technique for Precise Inoculation of the Internal Phyllosphere of Cotton with Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (10) ◽  
pp. 1204-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kangatharalingam ◽  
Margaret L. Pierce ◽  
Margaret Essenberg
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Circular Area ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacterium ◽  
Spongy Mesophyll ◽  
Adaxial Surface ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Palisade Cells

A technique was developed to inoculate uniformly and gently the internal phyllosphere from the upper surface of cotton leaves with the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum. The inoculum consisted of 2 to 3 × 107 CFU/ml in CaCO3-saturated sterile distilled water containing 0.02%, vol/vol, of the wetting agent Silwet L-77. A custom-made inoculation apparatus was employed to immerse a circular area of the adaxial surface of a leaf in inoculum for 90 s. This resulted in uniform, passive entry of bacteria into the substomatal chambers, producing an endophytic bacterial population of 2 × 104 CFU/cm2. Microscopic signs of infection were visible 48 to 72 h after inoculation. In susceptible leaves, uniformly distributed water-soaked spots were observed 7 to 8 days after inoculation. When the technique was used on resistant leaves, the autofluorescence that is characteristic of hypersensitively necrotic cells developed in the guard cells and palisade cells lining substomatal chambers, but not in the underlying spongy mesophyll.

Sodium toxicity and cation imbalance in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali T. Ayoub ◽  
H. M. Ishag
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Sodium Toxicity ◽  
Relative Water

SummaryLeaf burn and gradual death were the characteristic symptoms of injury in P. vulgaris sown on a sodic soil. Plant growth, total leaf area per plant, number of stomata and epidermal cells per unit leaf area, and relative water content were drastically reduced in injured plants; these were associated with large sodium accumulation in the shoot resulting in cation imbalance.

GROWTH OF BEAN ACCESSIONS AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN ◽  
G. A. KEMP ◽  
D. B. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Bean Cultivar ◽  
Commercial Cultivars

Growth and rates of photosynthesis of two accessions and two cultivars (Great Northern 1140 and Sutter Pink) of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were compared at 10, 15, and 23 °C in a controlled environment cabinet. The leaf area, dry matter, and rate of total apparent photosynthesis of one of the accessions was significantly higher after growth for 13 days at 10 °C than that of the commercial cultivars. This advantage was not maintained at 23 °C. In another experiment, growth of the same four cultivars was compared at light/dark temperatures of 10/10, 15/12, and 23/18 °C. The two accessions established a higher leaf area and accumulated more dry matter at the cooler temperatures than the commercial cultivars, but lost this advantage at the highest temperatures. In a field trial, the accessions had a similar rapid early growth but fell behind later in the season. Ideally, a bean cultivar for the Canadian prairie should incorporate the accession’s ability for rapid growth and leaf expansion at cool temperatures with a growth rate during mid-summer comparable to that of Great Northern 1140.

Development of infection structures by Hemileia vastatrix in resistant and susceptible selections of Coffea and in Phaseolus vulgaris

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1001-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Coutinho ◽  
F. H. J. Rijkenberg ◽  
M. A. J. van Asch
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Hemileia Vastatrix ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Coffee Leaf Rust ◽  
Subsidiary Cells ◽  
Mother Cells

The sequence of events leading to successful infection of Coffea by Hemileia vastatrix, following the formation of an appressorium over a stoma, was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. In the host, Coffea arabica, a torpedoshaped substomatal vesicle initial develops bilaterally from the apex of the infection wedge, while in the nonhost, Phaseolus vulgaris, the infection wedge protrudes into the substomatal chamber. The substomatal vesicle in both host and nonhost, at 48 h postinoculation, is anchor shaped. Haustorial mother cells are formed on stubby primary infection hyphae that curve back onto subsidiary cells. No differences in appearance of these structures were noted between resistant and susceptible coffee selections. A much-branched mycelium ramifies through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll cells 96 h postinoculation in the host. In bean, the SSV began to collapse 48 h postinoculation. Key words: coffee leaf rust, infection, penetration, Coffea, appressorium, substomatal vesicle.

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