Clinical signs and pathology shown by British sheep and cattle infected with bluetongue virus serotype 8 derived from the 2006 outbreak in northern Europen

2007 ◽  
Vol 161 (8) ◽  
pp. 253-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Darpel ◽  
C. A. Batten ◽  
E. Veronesi ◽  
A. E. Shaw ◽  
S. Anthony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Serotype

scholarly journals Reliable and Standardized Animal Models to Study the Pathogenesis of Bluetongue and Schmallenberg Viruses in Ruminant Natural Host Species with Special Emphasis on Placental Crossing

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 753
Author(s):  
Ludovic Martinelle ◽  
Fabiana Dal Pozzo ◽  
Etienne Thiry ◽  
Kris De Clercq ◽  
Claude Saegerman
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Natural Host Species ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
The World ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Inoculum Preparation

Starting in 2006, bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV8) was responsible for a major epizootic in Western and Northern Europe. The magnitude and spread of the disease were surprisingly high and the control of BTV improved significantly with the marketing of BTV8 inactivated vaccines in 2008. During late summer of 2011, a first cluster of reduced milk yield, fever, and diarrhoea was reported in the Netherlands. Congenital malformations appeared in March 2012 and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was identified, becoming one of the very few orthobunyaviruses distributed in Europe. At the start of both epizootics, little was known about the pathogenesis and epidemiology of these viruses in the European context and most assumptions were extrapolated based on other related viruses and/or other regions of the World. Standardized and repeatable models potentially mimicking clinical signs observed in the field are required to study the pathogenesis of these infections, and to clarify their ability to cross the placental barrier. This review presents some of the latest experimental designs for infectious disease challenges with BTV or SBV. Infectious doses, routes of infection, inoculum preparation, and origin are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the placental crossing associated with these two viruses.

scholarly journals An outbreak of bluetongue virus serotype 9 in Southern Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Listeš ◽  
Sanja Bosnić ◽  
Miroslav Benić ◽  
Josip Madić ◽  
Željko Cvetnić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Serum Neutralization Test ◽  
First Time ◽  
Obsoletus Complex

The aim of this study was to provide a description of the first epidemic of bluetongue and the first survey on midges of the genus Culicoides in Croatia. Clinical signs were firstly observed on November 2001 in sheep in Konavle, Dubrovnik – Neretva County. During this epizootic the overall sheep morbidity and mortality were 5.2% (95% confidence interval (c.i.), 4.1-6.6%) and 2.29% (95% c.i., 1.6-3.3%), respectively. After the outbreak, 3,318 serum samples of ruminants from 53 villages of the Dubrovnik – Neretva County were examined for bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). In forty nine (92.45%, 95% c.i., 82.11-96.92%) of the 53 villages, animals with antibodies against bluetongue virus were found. In particular, a total of 178 cattle (49.86%, 95% c.i., 44.7-55.0%), 174 sheep (13.72%, 95% c.i., 11.9-15.7%) and 270 goats (15.95%, 95% c.i., 14.3-17.8%) were seropositive. Antibodies to bluetongue virus serotype 9 were detected in 212 positive sera by serum neutralization test. The percentage of positive animals decreased (P > 0.05) from the east to the west suggesting a possible east westward spreading of BTV infection. Fourteen light-trap midge collections from seven different sites were examined. Of the 4872 Culicoides spp. collected, 4,492 (92%, 95% c.i., 91.4-92.9%) of them belonged to the species of Obsoletus complex. This study showed for the first time that a pathogenic strain of BTV-9, probably from Montenegro, entered Croatia causing disease and death in local sheep and that C. obsoletus and C. scoticus were likely the major vectors of infection.

Performance of clinical signs to detect bluetongue virus serotype 8 outbreaks in cattle and sheep during the 2006-epidemic in The Netherlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 129 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.W. Elbers ◽  
A. Backx ◽  
H.M. Ekker ◽  
A.N. van der Spek ◽  
P.A. van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Clinical signs of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in sheep and goats

2007 ◽  
Vol 161 (17) ◽  
pp. 591-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Backx ◽  
C. G. Heutink ◽  
E. M. A. Van Rooij ◽  
P. A. Van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Virus Serotype

scholarly journals Transmission of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 by Artificial Insemination with Frozen–Thawed Semen from Naturally Infected Bulls

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Kris De Clercq ◽  
Leen Vandaele ◽  
Tine Vanbinst ◽  
Mickaël Riou ◽  
Isra Deblauwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bovine Semen ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Gestational Stage

Transmission of bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) via artificial insemination of contaminated frozen semen from naturally infected bulls was investigated in two independent experiments. Healthy, BT negative heifers were hormonally synchronized and artificially inseminated at oestrus. In total, six groups of three heifers received semen from four batches derived from three bulls naturally infected with BTV-8. Each experiment included one control heifer that was not inseminated and that remained BT negative throughout. BTV viraemia and seroconversion were determined in 8 out of 18 inseminated heifers, and BTV was isolated from five of these animals. These eight heifers only displayed mild clinical signs of BT, if any at all, but six of them experienced pregnancy loss between weeks four and eight of gestation, and five of them became BT PCR and antibody positive. The other two infected heifers gave birth at term to two healthy and BT negative calves. The BT viral load varied among the semen batches used and this had a significant impact on the infection rate, the time of onset of viraemia post artificial insemination, and the gestational stage at which pregnancy loss occurred. These results, which confirm unusual features of BTV-8 infection, should not be extrapolated to infection with other BTV strains without thorough evaluation. This study also adds weight to the hypothesis that the re-emergence of BTV-8 in France in 2015 may be attributable to the use of contaminated bovine semen.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 4 field isolates from Argentina

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 652-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Legisa ◽  
F. Gonzalez ◽  
G. De Stefano ◽  
A. Pereda ◽  
M. J. Dus Santos
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
South American ◽  
Sequence Comparisons ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Virus Serotype

Bluetongue is an insect-transmitted viral disease of ruminant species, which represents a major barrier to the international trade of animals and their products. Bluetongue virus (BTV) has a genome composed of ten linear segments of dsRNA, which code for at least ten different viral proteins. In South America, serological evidence for the presence of BTV has been found in Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Chile. Brazil and Argentina are the only South American countries where BTV has been isolated. In Brazil, only one BTV isolate, serotype 12, has been reported, whereas in Argentina five BTV serotype 4 isolates have been obtained from cattle without clinical signs. Three of these five isolates were isolated during 1999–2001, whereas two of them were obtained as part of the present work. This study describes sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analyses of segment (Seg)-2, Seg-3, Seg-6, Seg-7 and Seg-10 of the first Argentinian field isolates of BTV. The analysis of Seg-2 and Seg-6 resulted in a single cluster of Argentinian sequences into the serotype 4 clade. In addition, the Argentinian sequences grouped within the nucleotype A clade, along with reference strains. The analysis of Seg-3, Seg-7 and Seg-10 showed that the Argentinian isolates grouped into the western topotype, indicating that the circulating virus had an African/European origin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Argentinian sequences present a South American genetic identity, suggesting an independent lineage evolution.

scholarly journals Origin of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 Outbreak in Cyprus, September 2016

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Rajko-Nenow ◽  
Vasiliki Christodoulou ◽  
William Thurston ◽  
Honorata M. Ropiak ◽  
Savvas Savva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Full Genome ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Dna Libraries ◽  
Virus Serotype

In September 2016, clinical signs, indicative of bluetongue, were observed in sheep in Cyprus. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was detected in sheep, indicating the first incursion of this serotype into Cyprus. Following virus propagation, Nextera XT DNA libraries were sequenced on the MiSeq instrument. Full-genome sequences were obtained for five isolates CYP2016/01-05 and the percent of nucleotide sequence (% nt) identity between them ranged from 99.92% to 99.95%, which corresponded to a few (2–5) amino acid changes. Based on the complete coding sequence, the Israeli ISR2008/13 (98.42–98.45%) was recognised as the closest relative to CYP2016/01-05. However, the phylogenetic reconstruction of CYP2016/01-05 revealed that the possibility of reassortment in several segments: 4, 7, 9 and 10. Based on the available sequencing data, the incursion BTV-8 into Cyprus most likely occurred from the neighbouring countries (e.g., Israel, Lebanon, Syria, or Jordan), where multiple BTV serotypes were co-circulating rather than from Europe (e.g., France) where a single BTV-8 serotype was dominant. Supporting this hypothesis, atmospheric dispersion modelling identified wind-transport events during July–September that could have allowed the introduction of BTV-8 infected midges from Lebanon, Syria or Israel coastlines into the Larnaca region of Cyprus.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Immune Response Induced by a Commercially Available Inactivated Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 Vaccine in Sheep

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Pérez de Diego ◽  
Pedro José Sánchez-Cordón ◽  
Ana Isabel de las Heras ◽  
José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Regulatory Cells ◽  
Boost Vaccination ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Serotype 1

The protective immune response generated by a commercial monovalent inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV1) was studied. Five sheep were vaccinated, boost-vaccinated, and then challenged against BTV1 ALG/2006. RT-PCR did not detect viremia at any time during the experiment. Except a temperature increase observed after the initial and boost vaccinations, no clinical signs or lesions were observed. A specific and protective antibody response checked by ELISA was induced after vaccination and boost vaccination. This specific antibody response was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes confirmed by flow cytometry, while significant increases were not observed in T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, and WC1+), CD25+regulatory cells, or CD14+monocytes. After challenge with BTV1, the antibody response was much higher than during the boost vaccination period, and it was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes, CD14+monocytes, CD25+regulatory cells, and CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

scholarly journals Experimental Infection of Pregnant Cattle with Bluetongue Virus Serotype 11 between Postbreeding Days 21 and 48

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés de la Concha-Bermejillo ◽  
Anselmo Odeon ◽  
Robert H. BonDurant ◽  
Bennie I. Osburn
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Virus Serotype

Four bluetongue virus (BTV)-seronegative heifers and 2 BTV-seropositive heifers were inoculated with the virulent strain UC-8 of BTV-11 between postbreeding days (PBD) 21 and 30. The heifers were observed for 10–18 days after inoculation for clinical signs, and pregnancy was monitored by ultrasound examination of the uterus and by plasma progesterone levels. Blood samples were collected daily after inoculation and processed for virus isolation and titration. Heifers were euthanized between PBD31 and PBD48, and tissues were collected for virologic and pathologic examination. All but 1 heifer inoculated on PBD21 remained pregnant after BTV inoculation, A cystic corpus luteum was found in the ovary of the nonpregnant heifer, but BTV was not isolated from the reproductive tract of this heifer. Three of the inoculated heifers that remained pregnant showed mild multifocal areas of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the ovary. BTV was reisolated from spleen and prescapular and peribronchial lymph nodes 10 days after inoculation from 3 of the 4 BTV-seronegative heifers. BTV was also reisolated from the uterus of 1 of the heifers that remained pregnant, but microscopic lesions were not found in this organ.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cross-protection of bluetongue virus serotype 4 with other serotypes in sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gcwalisile B. Zulu ◽  
Estelle H. Venter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Protection ◽  
In Vitro Studies ◽  
Good Protection ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Virus Serotype

Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious disease of sheep and other domestic and wild ruminants caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). Currently 26 serotypes of the virus have been identified. In South Africa, 22 serotypes have been identified and BT is controlled mainly by annual vaccinations using a freeze-dried live attenuated polyvalent BTV vaccine. The vaccine is constituted of 15 BTV serotypes divided into three separate bottles and the aim is to develop a vaccine using fewer serotypes without compromising the immunity against the disease. This study is based on previously reported cross-neutralisation of specific BTV serotypes in in vitro studies. Bluetongue virus serotype 4 was selected for this trial and was tested for cross-protection against serotype 4 (control), 1 (unrelated serotype), 9, 10 and 11 in sheep using the serum neutralisation test. The purpose of the study was to determine possible cross-protection of different serotypes in sheep. Of those vaccinated with BTV-4 and challenged with BTV-1, which is not directly related to BTV-4, 20% were completely protected and 80% showed clinical signs, but the reaction was not as severe as amongst the unvaccinated animals. In the group challenged with BTV-10, some showed good protection and some became very sick. Those challenged with BTV-9 and BTV-11 had good protection. The results showed that BTV-4 does not only elicit a specific immune response but can also protect against other serotypes.

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