scholarly journals Gender differences in how scientists present the importance of their research: observational study

BMJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. l6573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc J Lerchenmueller ◽  
Olav Sorenson ◽  
Anupam B Jena
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Clinical Research ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Scientific Journal ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Positive Presentation

AbstractObjectivesWomen remain underrepresented on faculties of medicine and the life sciences more broadly. Whether gender differences in self presentation of clinical research exist and may contribute to this gender gap has been challenging to explore empirically. The objective of this study was to analyze whether men and women differ in how positively they frame their research findings and to analyze whether the positive framing of research is associated with higher downstream citations.DesignRetrospective observational study.Data sourcesTitles and abstracts from 101 720 clinical research articles and approximately 6.2 million general life science articles indexed in PubMed and published between 2002 and 2017.Main outcome measuresAnalysis of article titles and abstracts to determine whether men and women differ in how positively they present their research through use of terms such as “novel” or “excellent.” For a set of 25 positive terms, we estimated the relative probability of positive framing as a function of the gender composition of the first and last authors, adjusting for scientific journal, year of publication, journal impact, and scientific field.ResultsArticles in which both the first and last author were women used at least one of the 25 positive terms in 10.9% of titles or abstracts versus 12.2% for articles involving a male first or last author, corresponding to a 12.3% relative difference (95% CI 5.7% to 18.9%). Gender differences in positive presentation were greatest in high impact clinical journals (impact factor >10), in which women were 21.4% less likely to present research positively. Across all clinical journals, positive presentation was associated with 9.4% (6.6% to 12.2%) higher subsequent citations, and in high impact clinical journals 13.0% (9.5% to 16.5%) higher citations. Results were similar when broadened to general life science articles published in journals indexed by PubMed, suggesting that gender differences in positive word use generalize to broader samples.ConclusionsClinical articles involving a male first or last author were more likely to present research findings positively in titles and abstracts compared with articles in which both the first and last author were women, particularly in the highest impact journals. Positive presentation of research findings was associated with higher downstream citations.

scholarly journals The gender gap in aversion to COVID-19 exposure: Evidence from professional tennis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249045
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Kowalik ◽  
Piotr Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Country

We study the gender differences in aversion to COVID-19 exposure using a natural experiment of the 2020 US Open. It was the first major tennis tournament after the season had been paused for six months, held with the same rules and prize money for men and women. We analyze the gender gap in the propensity to voluntarily withdraw because of COVID-19 concerns among players who were eligible and fit to play. We find that female players were significantly more likely than male players to have withdrawn from the 2020 US Open. While players from countries characterized by relatively high levels of trust and patience and relatively low levels of risk-taking were more likely to have withdrawn than their counterparts from other countries, female players exhibited significantly higher levels of aversion to pandemic exposure than male players even after cross-country differences in preferences are accounted for. About 15% of the probability of withdrawing that is explained by our model can be attributed to gender.

The gender gap in voter turnout: An artefact of men’s over-reporting in survey research?

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110568
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Aksel Sundstrom
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderate Evidence ◽  
Official Records ◽  
Cross National

Is there a gender gap in voting? Most cross-national survey research on gender inequalities in voter turnout finds that men have a higher probability to vote than women. Yet, some studies using validated turnout data shed some doubt on this finding. We revisit the question of a gender gap in voting using official records. In more detail, we compare the gender gap in turnout between survey data and official electoral figures across 73 elections. Our results highlight that in surveys, men still report higher turnout in most countries. However, official electoral figures reveal contrasting trends: across countries, women are, on average, more likely to vote. We also test two explanations for this difference in turnout between official figures and surveys: (1) men over-report voting more than women and (2) the survey samples of men and women are different. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation. We find some, albeit very moderate, evidence for the first explanation and no support for the second explanation. All in all, our research nevertheless suggests that scholars should be careful in using surveys to detect gender differences in voting.

scholarly journals Explaining the Gender Gap in Math Test Scores: The Role of Competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Lise Vesterlund
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Test Taking ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores ◽  
Competitive Test ◽  
The Right

The mean and standard deviation in performance on math test scores are only slightly larger for males than for females. Despite minor differences in mean performance, many more boys than girls perform at the right tail of the distribution. This gender gap has been documented for a series of math tests including the AP calculus test, the mathematics SAT, and the quantitative portion of the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). The objective of this paper is not to discuss whether the mathematical skills of males and females differ, be it a result of nurture or nature. Rather we argue that the reported test scores do not necessarily match the gender differences in math skills. We will present results that suggest that the evidence of a large gender gap in mathematics performance at high percentiles in part may be explained by the differential manner in which men and women respond to competitive test-taking environments. The effects in mixed-sex settings range from women failing to perform well in competitions, to women shying away from environments in which they have to compete. We find that the response to competition differs for men and women, and in the examined environment, gender difference in competitive performance does not reflect the difference in noncompetitive performance. We argue that the competitive pressures associated with test taking may result in performances that do not reflect those of less-competitive settings. Of particular concern is that the distortion is likely to vary by gender and that it may cause gender differences in performance to be particularly large in mathematics and for the right tail of the performance distribution. Thus the gender gap in math test scores may exaggerate the math advantage of males over females.

Minding the Black Gender Gap: Gender Differences in Public Opinion among Black Americans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1532673X2110134
Author(s):  
Mary Kate Lizotte ◽  
Tony E. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Welfare Policies

There is little research examining the gender gap in public opinion among Americans of African descent. Amid emerging evidence that Black men are more conservative than Black women, there is reason to believe there may be gender differences in their policy preferences. We use the 1980-2016 cumulative ANES data to observe when racial and gender considerations will be more salient for Black women in determining their policy preferences. We find no gender gap on race-based policies suggesting racial group interests may be driving similar support among Black men and women. We do find gender differences on women’s issues and social welfare policies. We attribute Black women’s support for women’s issues to their gendered interests and demonstrate the gap in social welfare attitudes is mediated by their lower economic status relative to Black men. Despite these differences, we discover that Black men and women support race-oriented and social welfare policies more than either white men or women.

scholarly journals Union Commitment: Is There a Gender Gap?

2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 564-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Wetzel ◽  
Daniel G. Gallagher ◽  
Donna E. Soloshy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Survey Responses ◽  
The Relationship

In the context of the growing feminization of membership in Canadian labour unions, this study examines the relationship between gender and multiple dimensions of worker commitment to the union organization. Based upon survey responses from 223 female and 222 male union members in Saskatchewan, the results reveal no gender differences with regard to expressed levels of union "loyalty" and "responsibility to the union". However, a small but significantly lower level of "willingness to work for the union" was expressed by female union members. In comparative analyses of males and females, the results are generally supportive of greater commonality than differences in the correlates of union commitment for men and women.

Different Governments, Different Interests: The Gender Gap in Political Interest

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Sánchez-Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Proportional Reduction

Abstract In recent decades, differences between men and women have blurred in many social dimensions, including levels of educational attainment or access to the labor market. However, this increase in equality has not been reflected in a proportional reduction in the gender gap in political interest. This paper evaluates the extent of gender differences in political interest regarding different arenas, considering the moderating effect of marriage and caring for others using data from the Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Project. Although women generally find local politics more interesting than national politics, family, and caring responsibilities are still a source of disadvantage.

Musa Latrinalis: Gender Differences in Restroom Graffiti

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 871-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Otta ◽  
Paulo Reinhardt Santana ◽  
Luciana Menin Lafraia ◽  
Rachel Lenneberg Hoshino ◽  
Renata Plaza Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Brazilian Students ◽  
The University

The purpose was to analyze gender differences in the graffiti written on restroom walls by Brazilian students. We compared graffiti produced by men and women at secondary schools and on the university campus. We expected that the gender gap would be narrower in the older and more schooled group of undergraduates. Of the total of 1349 graffiti collected in 56 restroom stalls, 37% came from the university and 63% from secondary schools. At secondary schools we found less graffiti in women's than in men's restrooms, but no significant difference on the university campus In both places romantic contents predominated in women's restrooms but in men's restrooms they were virtually absent. A striking finding, which is contrary to previous studies, was the high frequency of sexual graffiti in women's restrooms on campus, comparable to that found in men's restrooms. Sex became a more central theme of both men's and women's graffiti on campus than in secondary schools. On the whole, a greater number of categories distinguished the sexes at the secondary school than on campus (7 vs 2). This supports the hypothesis of a narrower gender gap with increasing education.

scholarly journals Quantifying gender disparity in physician authorship among commentary articles in three high-impact medical journals: an observational study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e034056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mira Mamtani ◽  
Frances Shofer ◽  
Anita Mudan ◽  
Utsha Khatri ◽  
Rachael Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Primary Outcome Measure ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Women Physicians ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Concordance

BackgroundScholarship plays a direct role in career advancement, promotion and authoritative recognition, and women physicians remain under-represented as authors of original research articles.ObjectiveWe sought to determine if women physician authors are similarly under-represented in commentary articles within high-impact journals.Design/Setting/ParticipantsIn this observational study, we abstracted and analysed author information (gender and degree) and authorship position from commentary articles published in three high-impact journals between 1 January 2014 and 16 October 2018.Primary outcome measureAuthorship rate of commentary articles over a 5-year period by gender, degree, authorship position and journal.Secondary outcome measuresTo compare the proportion of men and women physician authorship of commentaries relative to the proportion of men and women physician faculty within academic medicine; and to examine the gender concordance among the last and first authors in articles with more than one author.ResultsOf the 2087 articles during the study period, 48% were men physician first authors compared with 17% women physician first authors (p<0.0001). Of the 1477 articles with more than one author, similar distributions were found with regard to last authors: 55% were men physicians compared with only 12% women physicians (p<0.0001). The proportion of women physician first authors increased over time; however, the proportion of women physician last authors remained stagnant. Women coauthored with women in the first and last authorship positions in 9% of articles. In contrast, women coauthored with men in the first and last author positions, respectively, in 55% of articles.ConclusionsWomen physician authors remain under-represented in commentary articles compared with men physician authors in the first and last author positions. Women also coauthored commentaries with other women in far fewer numbers.

Information, Confidence, and the Gender Gap in Bargaining

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 174-178
Author(s):  
Barbara Biasi ◽  
Heather Sarsons
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Public School ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Public School Teachers ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Men And Women

We test whether the observed difference in the propensity to negotiate between men and women can be explained by gender differences in information about other people's negotiating experiences and outcomes and by confidence in one's abilities and in talking to strangers. Using survey data from Wisconsin public school teachers, we show that up to 54 and 17 percent of the gender gap in the likelihood of negotiating pay can be explained by differences in information and confidence between men and women.

Is it a Chasm? Is it a Canyon? No, it is the Gender Gap

The Forum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Ondercin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Gubernatorial Elections ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Candidates ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Midterm Elections

Abstract Many speculated that we would observe a gender gap in vote choice of historic proportions in the 2018 midterm elections. However, the 2018 gender gap was similar to gender gaps in previous elections. I argue that the gender gap is not about a specific candidate or election but is driven by gender differences in partisan attachments. Variation in the gender gap in Senate and gubernatorial elections highlight that the gender gap does not advantage a particular candidate or party and that women candidates do not increase the size of the gender gap. Race and class intersect with gender to shape the partisan attachments and vote choice of men and women. Finally, while the candidates and events surrounding the 2018 election likely did not impact the gender gap in 2018, I discuss how the 2018 election will shape the gender gap in future elections.

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