The Site of Action of General Anesthetics - A Chemical Approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 539-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Sandorfy
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Intermolecular Interactions ◽  
Present State ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Van Der Waals Forces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Anesthetics ◽  
Site Of Action

Recently Urban (Br. J. Anaesth. 2002, 89, 167) and Trudell (Br. J. Anaesth. 2002, 89, 32) assessed the present state of the art in anesthesiological research. This article is an attempt to add to the discussion some ideas from the chemist's point of view. General anesthesia is a matter of molecular associations. Among the intermolecular interactions that can be involved, weak hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are believed to be most important. A pluralistic view is proposed, thereby different anesthetics can choose different interactions in conformity with their chemical structure. This can involve proteins, lipids, and sugars. Special attention is given to glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. A review with 90 references.

Some Possible Lines of Development in Aircraft Engines

1921 ◽  
Vol 25 (123) ◽  
pp. 130-165
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aircraft Engines ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
The Ideal

In the following paper the writer's aim is to indicate certain possible lines of development and research which his own investigations and preliminary experiments have shown to be at least worthy of serious consideration.If we review the present state of the art we find the position to be substantially as follows :—From a thermodynamic point of view the performance of the modern aero engine has approached so nearly to the ideal obtainable from the cycle on which it operates that there is little scope for improvement.

The present state of the art in chemotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas in adults: the EORTC point of view

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Verweij ◽  
H.T. Mouridsen ◽  
O.S. Nielssen ◽  
P.J. Woll ◽  
R. Somers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcomas ◽  
Point Of View

Supersonic beam investigations of indole and indole–halomethane complexes: intermolecular interactions

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1502-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hager ◽  
Stephen C. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Intermolecular Interactions ◽  
Media Effects ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
Supersonic Jet ◽  
Electronic System ◽  
Induced Dipole

We report the findings of a supersonic beam investigation of the 1:1 gas phase complexes of indole with various halomethanes. The unique environment of the supersonic jet provides a method by which the pairwise intermolecular interactions of these complexes can be studied without the complications of condensed media effects. The behavior of argon and methane van der Waals molecules is described first in order to provide examples of simple dispersive interactions. These are then contrasted with complexing species such as CF4 and CCl4 where repulsive interactions offset the stabilization due to dispersive and dipole – induced dipole forces. Finally, we show that the interaction between the probe molecule and CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 is apparently hydrogen bonding with the indole π electronic system. The implications of these intermolecular interactions on the area of general anesthesia are discussed in terms of a picture in which both the hydrophobic and polar portions of cell membrane may be reversibly affected.

The Present State of the Art

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-346
Author(s):  
Peter A. Magaro
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art

scholarly journals Heavy ion driver for fast ignition

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. KOSHKAREV
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
Fast Ignition ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Powerful Laser ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Actual Design ◽  
Cylindrical Target ◽  
A Performance

Recently the “fast ignition” method in the ICF problem was considered (Caruso & Pais, 1996). It allows increasing a target gain factor and raising reliability of the burning process. Since the required power of the irradiating beam in this method is unattainable for the traditional type of heavy ion driver with the energy of ions ≤10 GeV, the powerful laser is considered as a possible driver only. Here we investigate the fast ignition method for a system constituted from the directly irradiated cylindrical target and a powerful heavy ion driver of the charge-symmetric type (Koshkarev, 1993) in which the ions with energy ≈100 GeV and mass ≈200 are used. The actual design of a powerful heavy ion driver with the required characteristics is outside the purpose of this article. However some consideration will be given to exploring whether such a performance is within the realm of reasonable extrapolations of the present state of the art.

scholarly journals Differences in PARP Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacology, Safety, and Efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4203
Author(s):  
Giorgio Valabrega ◽  
Giulia Scotto ◽  
Valentina Tuninetti ◽  
Arianna Pani ◽  
Francesco Scaglione
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are proteins responsible for DNA damage detection and signal transduction. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are able to interact with the binding site for PARP cofactor (NAD+) and trapping PARP on the DNA. In this way, they inhibit single-strand DNA damage repair. These drugs have been approved in recent years for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Although they share some similarities, from the point of view of the chemical structure and pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic properties, these drugs also have some substantial differences. These differences may underlie the different safety profiles and activity of PARPi.

scholarly journals Sustainable Agri-Food Processes and Circular Economy Pathways in a Life Cycle Perspective: State of the Art of Applicative Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2472
Author(s):  
Teodora Stillitano ◽  
Emanuele Spada ◽  
Nathalie Iofrida ◽  
Giacomo Falcone ◽  
Anna Irene De Luca
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis

This study aims at providing a systematic and critical review on the state of the art of life cycle applications from the circular economy point of view. In particular, the main objective is to understand how researchers adopt life cycle approaches for the measurement of the empirical circular pathways of agri-food systems along with the overall lifespan. To perform the literature review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was considered to conduct a review by qualitative synthesis. Specifically, an evaluation matrix has been set up to gather and synthesize research evidence, by classifying papers according to several integrated criteria. The literature search was carried out employing scientific databases. The findings highlight that 52 case studies out of 84 (62% of the total) use stand-alone life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the benefits/impacts of circular economy (CE) strategies. In contrast, only eight studies (9.5%) deal with the life cycle costing (LCC) approach combined with other analyses while no paper deals with the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) methodology. Global warming potential, eutrophication (for marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems), human toxicity, and ecotoxicity results are the most common LCA indicators applied. Only a few articles deal with the CE assessment through specific indicators. We argue that experts in life cycle methodologies must strive to adopt some key elements to ensure that the results obtained fit perfectly with the measurements of circularity and that these can even be largely based on a common basis.

History of Mathematics in the Islamic World: The Present State of the Art

1985 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Berggren
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mathematical Sciences ◽  
Islamic Mathematics

In Recent Years, many discoveries in the history of Islamic mathematics have not been reported outside the specialist literature, even though they raise issues of interest to a larger audience. Thus, our aim in writing this survey is to provide to scholars of Islamic culture an account of the major themes and discoveries of the last decade of research on the history of mathematics in the Islamic world. However, the subject of mathematics comprised much more than what a modern mathematician might think of as belonging to mathematics, so our survey is an overview of what may best be called the “mathematical sciences” in Islam; that is, in addition to such topics as arithmetic, algebra, and geometry we will also be interested in mechanics, optics, and mathematical instruments.

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