Non-Cottrell Behavior of the Dopamine Redox Reaction Observed on the Carbon Fibre Microelectrode by the Double-Step Voltcoulometry

2004 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Gmucová ◽  
Jozef Orlický ◽  
Juraj Pavlásek
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Redox Reaction ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diffusion Current ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Dopamine Concentration ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Carbon Fibre Microelectrode ◽  
Experimental Errors

The redox reaction of the neurotransmitter dopamine at the carbon fibre microelectrode was studied by several electrochemical methods. It was found that under conditions usual in a living body, the diffusion current fullfils, within experimental errors, the behavior theoretically predicted by the Cottrell equation. Nevertheless, attention should be paid to the fact that unsupported or weakly supported conditions give rise to a non-Cottrell response of diffusion current. Moreover, similar changes were observed if the dopamine concentration was either lower such as several units of μmol l-1, or about 100 μmol l-1 or higher. The non-Cottrell behavior of diffusion current involves the nonlinearity of the dopamine calibration curve obtained by pulse techniques. The present work is aimed at pointing out that such behavior of the measured data could lead to misinterpretation of the obtained dopamine concentration. Similar features could be also achieved for the other catecholamines.

Tensometry of carbon fibres and elastomers at the diffractometer at BL20B of the Photon Factory

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 958-961
Author(s):  
D. C. Creagh ◽  
P. M. O'Neill ◽  
R. J. Mills ◽  
S. A. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
The Other ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Photon Factory ◽  
System Use

Two systems have been developed for the simultaneous recording of the SAXS and the WAXS patterns from carbon fibre and elastomer samples which are placed under stress. The systems have been designed to fit inside the versatile vacuum diffractometer (BIGDIFF) at the Photon Factory. In one system, use is made of the ability to move the imaging-plate cassette. In the other, use has been made of an imaging-plate changer which can deliver up to 13 plates into position with a duty cycle of about 60 s. In this case each imaging plate can record SAXS/WAXS patterns in the range 0.5–20° due to the passage of the beam through the specimen which is mounted in a specially designed tensometer. Because BIGDIFF is a vacuum diffractometer and parasitic scattering is small, exposure times as short as 2 s can give acceptable SAXS/WAXS patterns. The systems have been used for the study of both the change of structure with strain, and the relaxation processes which occur as a result of the sample being strained at a fixed rate by a predetermined amount.

VICTORIAN CARNIVALESQUE

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Hennelly
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Charlotte Bronte ◽  
The Other ◽  
Double Step ◽  
Vanity Fair ◽  
War Games ◽  
Martin Chuzzlewit ◽  
The Town

The Carnival is just over, and we have entered upon the gloom and abstinence of Lent. The first day of Lent we had coffee without milk for breakfast; vinegar and vegetables, with a very little salt fish, for dinner; and bread for supper. The Carnival was nothing but masking and mummery. M. Héger took me and one of the pupils into the town to see the masks. It was animating to see the immense crowds, and the general gaiety, but the masks were nothing.—Charlotte Brontë, letter, March 6, 1843. . . Humble as I [Pecksniff] am, I am an honest man, seeking to do my duty in this carnal universe, and setting my face against all the vice and treachery.—Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44)Women were playing [at cards and roulette]; they were masked, some of them; this licence was allowed in these wild times of carnival.—Thackeray, Vanity Fair (1847–48)OVER FIFTEEN YEARS AGO, Allon White acknowledged “the small army of literary critics now regularly describing modern cultural phenomena as ‘carnivalesque’” (109). Surprisingly, though, only advance scouting parties of carnivalesque critics have infiltrated the various war games, love feasts, slanging matches, “blood” sports, food fights, drinking bouts, carnal appetites, funferalls, body cultures, ludic acts of toasting, roasting, masking, mumming, and other folk and fair festivities — besides the recurring clowns, fools, rogues, tricksters, killjoys, and spoilsports — that significantly enliven and inform Victorian literature. When such critical forays have occurred, the role of the carnivalesque has often been contested, reflecting perhaps what White’s liminal reading of cultural history calls the nineteenth-century’s initial “‘disowning’ of carnival, and the gradual reconstruction of the concept of carnival as the culture of the Other” (102). And yet Robert Browning’s Fra Lippo Lippi still speaks eloquently for various Renaissance and Victorian writers when he proclaims that he is but “one” of many who “makes up bands/To roam the town and sing out carnival” (ll.45–46). Indeed, his double-voiced, pantagruelian aesthetic is to “go a double step,/Make his flesh liker and his soul more like,/Both in their order” (ll.206–08), for

Development of Stacked-Type Electrostatic Actuator Using Two Ribbon Films

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Okuda ◽  
◽  
Keiji Saneyoshi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Electrostatic Actuator ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Nonlinear Structural Analysis ◽  
Working Region

A new stacked-type electrostatic actuator with two ribbon films has been developed to be applied to artificial muscles. In this paper, spring characteristics of the actuator have been simulated and compared to measured data. There are two regions in spring characteristics of the actuator: one is the working region where the actuator contracts easily, and the other is the overload region where the actuator is extended only negligibly by the load. Spring characteristics of the actuator have been simulated by nonlinear structural analysis including the contact problem using the finite element method. It is understood that spring characteristics of working and overload regions can be improved by thinning the hinge and by thickening the electrode. The stroke of the actuator can be controlled, furthermore, by changing the length of the hinge. When the size of the actuator is reduced and actuators are integrated until they become the same volume, voltage applied to the actuator to generate the same force is reduced in proportion to the reduction rate while the actuator keeps the same spring characteristics and stroke.

scholarly journals The relation between the refractivity and density of carbon dioxide

1920 ◽  
Vol 97 (684) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Water Vapour ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Fair Agreement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Errors

A number of different experimenters have determined the relation between the refractivity and density of various gases, and, with a fair agreement, they have come to the conclusion that the L. Lorenz and H. A. Lorentz formula ( µ 2 - 1 / µ 2 + 2 . 1/ ρ = constant) is true within the limits of their experimental errors. At small densities this formula will, of course, reduce to either of the other two well-known relations, that of Drude ( µ 2 - 1/ ρ = constant), or the empirical relation of Gladstone and Dale ( µ —1/ ρ = constant). At greater densities the Lorenz and Lorentz formula is distinctly more accurate than the others, Drude’s formula diverging the most rapidly. This is well brought out in an experiment by A. Occhialini, published in ‘II Nuovo Cimento,' August, 1914. Even the Lorenz and Lorentz formula is not accurately true, however, when applied to the large changes of density from a gas to a liquid. For example, for the green mercury line ( λ = 5461 x 10 -7 ) µ 2 - 1 / µ 2 + 2 . 1/ ρ = 0.2065 for water, while its value is 0.2082 for water vapour, a difference of 0.82 per cent. It is thus evident that the densities used in the experiments with gases have not been great enough to exhibit the variations of the Lorenz and Lorentz constant. By experimenting with a gas just above its critical temperature large continuous changes of density may be produced and for this reason this experiment was carried out with carbon dioxide at a temperature of 34° C.

scholarly journals New methods of controlled monolayer-to-multilayer deposition of Pt for designing electrocatalysts at an atomic level

2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 887-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Brankovic ◽  
J.X. Wang ◽  
R.R. Adzic
Keyword(s):  
Co Oxidation ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Redox Reaction ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spontaneous Deposition ◽  
Co Tolerance ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Ru Nanoparticles ◽  
Local Cell

Two new methods for monolayer-to-multileyer Pt deposition are presented. One involves Pt deposition by the replacement of an UPD metal monolayer on an electrode surface and the other the spontaneous deposition of Pt on Ru. The first method, exemplified by the replacement of a Cu monolayer on a Au(111) surface, occurs as a spontaneous irreversible redox reaction in which the Cu monolayer is oxidized by Pt cations, which are reduced and simultaneously deposited. The second method is illustrated by the deposition of Pt on a Ru(0001) surface and on carbon-supported Ru nanoparticles. This deposition takes place upon immersion of a UHV-prepared Ru(0001) crystal or Ru nanoparticles, reduced in H2, in a solution containing PtCl6 2- ions. The oxidation of Ru to RuOH by a local cell mechanism appears to be coupled with Pt deposition. This method facilitates the design of active Pt-Ru catalysts with ultimately low Pt loadings. Only a quarter of a monolayer of Pt on Ru nanoparticles yields an electrocatalyst with higher activity and CO tolerance for H2/CO oxidation than commercial Pt-Ru alloy electrocatalysts with considerably higher Pt loadings.

scholarly journals INTERSUBJEKTYVAUS KŪNO FENOMENOLOGIJA: PRISILIETIMO PATIRTIS

Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Dalius Jonkus
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Traditional Conception ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
The World ◽  
Body Self ◽  
Sense Of Touch

Straipsnis analizuoja Edmundo Husserlio, Jeano-Paulo Sartre’o ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty požiūrį į kūno vaidmenį intersubjektyviuose santykiuose. Jeanas-Paulas Sartre’as atmeta dvigubų jutimų sampratą. Jis neigia galimybę patirti kūną kaip subjektą ir objektą vienu metu. Sartre’as akcentuoja, kad kitas vizualiai pažįstamas tik jį paverčiant objektu. Edmundas Husserlis ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty ieško sąryšio su kitu kūniškumo plotmėje. Atrasdami prisilietimo grįžtamąjį ryšį su savimi, o vėliau išplėtodami šią kvazirefleksijos sampratą ir kitų juslių lygmeniu, Husserlis ir Merleau-Ponty sugriauna tradicinę sąmonės ir savasties sampratą. Sąmonė nebegali būti suprantama kaip vidujybė, o kūnas kaip išorybė. Pats kūnas atrandamas kaip susidvejinęs – patiriantis kitą ir save tuo pat metu. Suskyla ir savasties substanciškumas. Savastis visada pasirodo kitame, kitam ir per kitą. Kartu pasikeičia ir santykio su kitu traktuotė. Kitas nėra kažkoks transcendentiškas objektas, kurį reikia pažinti ar užvaldyti. Santykis su kitu atsiskleidžia kartu kaip santykis su savimi ir santykis su pasauliu. Jei mano kūnas nėra vien mano kūnas, bet jis yra tarp manęs ir kitų, tai tada galime suvokti, kodėl aš negaliu savęs sutapatinti su vieta, kurioje esu. Ir mano vieta, kaip ir mano kūnas, yra mano tiktai kitų atžvilgiu. Mano savastį iš esmės apibrėžia šis tarpkūniškumas, kurio patirtis sudaro sąlygas ne tik įsisąmoninti savąjį socialumą, bet ir suvokti savosios būties tarp – pasauliškumą. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: fenomenologija, intersubjektyvumas, kitas, gyvenamas kūnas, tarpkūniškumas, savipatirtis.   Phenomenology of Intersubjective Body: the Experience of TouchDalius Jonku  Summary The article deals with the conception of intersubjective body in Edmund Husserl’s, Jean-Paul Sartre’s and Maurice Merleau-Ponty philosophy. Jean-Paul Sartre rejects the conception of double sense, i.e. he denies the possibility to have bodily experience as a subject and an object at the same time. He argues that we can know Other visually only as an object. Husserl and Merleau-Ponty are in search of connection with the Other on a new plane. They investigate the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Their attention is focused on the bodily self-awareness in the experience of touch. Both philosophers develop the conception of bodily quasi-reflection. They transform the traditional conception of selfhood and show its paradoxical alienation from itself. The one’s own body is revealed as insisting on the otherness. The analysis of double senses in the experience of the sense of touch reveals the experience of “my” body as an inter-corporality. That’s because both philosophers can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. The experience of a living body is always a relation with “myself”, with the other and with the world. Keywords: phenomenology, intersubjectivity, interreflectivity, Other, living body, self-awareness.ibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"> 

scholarly journals A new structural concept in moulded fixed ankle foot orthoses and comparison of the bending stiffness of four constructions

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Major ◽  
P. J. Hewart ◽  
A. M. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Mechanical Stiffness ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthosis ◽  
Ankle Foot Orthoses ◽  
Structural Concept ◽  
Foot Orthosis

There are many reasons why a rigid ankle foot orthosis (AFO) may be prescribed. In some cases it is desirable that the rigidity is sufficient to maintain a constant ankle position throughout the gait cycle. There is a need to determine a design of cosmetic, lightweight AFO that provides the necessary stiffness whilst being acceptable to the patient, encouraging continued wear with the resultant benefits. This paper describes an investigation of AFO resistance to dorsiflexion, comparing the stiffness of an AFO with forward trim lines, two designs of reinforced AFOs and an AFO with forward trim lines and an external ankle strap. One reinforced AFO had corrugations moulded in the polypropylene around the ankle, the other had carbon fibre inserts attached to the inside of the polypropylene. The emphasis was on testing the mechanical stiffness of the four AFO designs: the test procedure did not mimic the patterns of AFO loading during gait. Each design was tested in the same manner by the same examiner. The AFO with forward trimlines and an ankle strap displayed similar stiffness to the carbon fibre reinforced AFO and both were stiffer than the other two designs.

scholarly journals Analysis of Variations in Air Pollution Fields in Selected Cities in Poland and Germany

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cichowicz ◽  
Grzegorz Wielgosiński
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Monitoring Stations

Abstract Variations in immission fields resulting from emissions and pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere were investigated. The analysis was based on data from the four-year period covering the years 2012-2015, collected in two automatic atmospheric air monitoring stations, one located in Germany in Magdeburg which is the capital of Saxony-Anhalt and the other in Poland in Lodz, i.e. the seat of Lodz Region authorities. Selected immission monitoring stations in both cities are located in the areas with similar urban development and are characterized by high levels of pedestrian and car traffic. In both measuring stations the following atmospheric air pollutants were measured: PM10, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide, and ozone (carbon monoxide was analyzed only for the station located in Lodz). On the basis of the measured data the periodic exceedance of air pollution limit values measured at both monitoring stations were observed, as well as the levels of particular pollutants and changes in immission fields were analyzed. It seems that this information may be useful not only to the competent authorities of the country but also to the users of these areas.

Is potassium a simple metal?

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Wisbr
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Phonon Scattering ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simple Metal ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Simple Behavior ◽  
Electron Phonon Scattering

The temperature-dependent part of the electrical resistivity ρ(T) of a metal consists of the sum of two terms, one term being due to electron–phonon scattering ρcp(T) and the other term being due to electron–electron scattering ρcc(T). One may write[Formula: see text]where θD, is the Debye temperature of the metal and the coefficients C and A give the magnitudes of ρcp(T) and ρcc(T), respectively. For a metal whose electrical resistivity exhibits "simple" behavior, it had been expected that the measured data for ρ(T) would have the following properties. (i) The function f(T/θD) should approach (T/θD) for [Formula: see text]. (ii) The magnitude of the coefficient C should be the same, or nearly so, for all measured samples. (iii) The magnitude of the coefficient A should be the same, or nearly so, for all measured samples.The low-temperature ρexpt(T) data for potassium, which has by now been measured for many samples, exhibit none of these three properties. A discussion will be presented of the reasons for this "non-simple" behavior of ρexpt(T) for potassium.

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