Electrochemical reduction of maleic and fumaric acids and their dimethyl esters in methanol at a mercury electrode

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 2132-2141
Author(s):  
Dimitra Sazou ◽  
Pantelis Karabinas
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Cyclic Voltammograms ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Proton Donors ◽  
Carboxylic Groups ◽  
One Step ◽  
Pure Methanol ◽  
Successive Reduction

The electrochemical reduction of maleic and fumaric acids and their dimethyl esters have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry on HMDE in pure methanol. The cyclic voltammograms of the free acids show two successive reduction waves due to the influence of the different strength of the carboxylic groups on the double bond reduction. The reduction mechanism is verified by examining the effect of different supporting electrolytes, proton donors, and strong bases on the reduction waves. The double bond reduction of the corresponding dimethyl esters takes place in one step.

scholarly journals The Electrochemical Reduction Mechanism of ZnFe2O4 in NaCl-CaCl2 Melts

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Chang Liu ◽  
Jinglong Liang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Hongyan Yan ◽  
Sijia Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Thermodynamic Analysis ◽  
Irreversible Process ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Reversible Process ◽  
Electrochemical Tests ◽  
Oxygen Ions ◽  
One Step

The electrochemical reduction process of ZnFe2O4 in NaCl-CaCl2 melts was studied. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the reduction process of ZnFe2O4 is carried out in multiple steps, and it is difficult to reduce Fe3+ to Fe in one step. Electrochemical tests revealed that the reduction process of ZnFe2O4 includes three steps: First, Fe3+ is reduced to Fe in two steps, then Zn2+ is reduced to Zn in one step. The reduction of Fe3+ on the Mo electrode is a reversible process controlled by diffusion, while the reduction of Zn2+ is an irreversible process controlled by diffusion. The influence of electrolysis voltage and temperature on the process of electric deoxidation has also been studied. It is indicated that properly increasing the temperature is conducive to the diffusion of oxygen ions, thereby increasing the deoxidation rate. With the gradual increase of voltage, the reduction process of ZnFe2O4 is ZnFe2O4 → FeO + ZnO → Fe + ZnO → Fe + Zn.

scholarly journals Electrochemical reduction mechanism of several oxides of refractory metals in FClNaKmelts

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Li ◽  
Lei Jia ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Jing-long Liang ◽  
Hong-yan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Transfer Process ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Refractory Metals ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Reversible Process ◽  
Electron Transfer Process ◽  
One Step

AbstractThe dissolution characteristics and electrochemical reduction mechanism of oxides of refractory metals ZrO2, HfO2 and MoO3 in NaCl-KCl-NaF melts are studied. The results shows that there are no chemical reaction of ZrO2 and HfO2 in NaCl-KCl-NaF melts, the dissolution of MoO3 is chemically dissolved, and MoO3 reactwith melts to form Na2Mo2O7. The reduction process of zirconium in the NaCl-KCl-NaF-ZrO2 melts is a reversible process of one-step electron transfer controlled by diffusion. The electrochemical reduction process of ruthenium is a one-step reversible process and the product is insoluble; Electrochemical reduction of metallic molybdenum in melts is controlled by the diffusion and electron transfer process of active ion Mo2O27− . The electrochemical reduction process of the metal molybdenum in the melts is carried out in two steps.

scholarly journals Electrochemical reduction products of azido nucleosides, including zidovudine (AZT): mechanisms and relevance to their intracellular metabolism.

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Kawczyński ◽  
B Czochralska ◽  
D Shugar
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Azido Group ◽  
Amino Group ◽  
Hiv Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Surface Activities ◽  
One Step ◽  
Intracellular Metabolism ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Previous studies on electrochemical reduction of the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (Zidovudine, AZT) and several of its analogues, have been extended to 2'-AZdT and two of the intracellular metabolites of AZT, the 5'-O-glucuronide (GAZT) and the 5'-phosphate (AZTMP). Also investigated were azido nucleosides with aglycons susceptible to electrochemical reduction, cytosine and adenine. The surface activities of these compounds at the mercury electrode were examined. In all instances, reduction of the azido group was a two-electron process, with conversion to an amino group. For an azido adenine nucleoside, it proved possible to reduce the azido group without affecting the aglycon. Electrochemical reduction is shown to provide a simple one-step synthesis of amino nucleosides from the available azido nucleosides. The reduced compounds, several hitherto unknown, are useful reference standards for following intracellular metabolism of azido nucleosides, and may also prove of interest as new potential antimetabolites.

Electrochemical reduction mechanism of rotenone. Part 2. Effect of proton donors

1982 ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Capobianco ◽  
Giuseppe Farnia ◽  
Alessandro Gambaro ◽  
Maria Gabriella Severin
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Reduction Mechanism ◽  
Proton Donors

Electrochemical reduction mechanism of 5(1H)-pyrromethenones in dimethylformamide on a mercury electrode

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Claret ◽  
Joan M. Feliu ◽  
Carlos Müller ◽  
Josep M. Ribó ◽  
Xavier Serra
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Mercury Electrode ◽  
Reduction Mechanism

Electrochemical tools to disclose the electrochemical reduction mechanism of CO2 in aprotic solvents and ionic liquids

2021 ◽  
pp. 115411
Author(s):  
Silvia Mena ◽  
Esteve Ribas ◽  
Clara Richard ◽  
Iluminada Gallardo ◽  
Jordi Faraudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Electrochemical Reduction ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Reduction Mechanism
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document