Information content of analytical results subject to systematic error

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 2373-2377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Error ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Blank Experiment

The information content of results of analyses, subject to a systematic error, is expressed with the use of the divergence measure. It is shown how this error lowers the information content of the results. The significance of methods enabling to eliminate the systematic error or to diminish it (calibration, blank experiment, etc.), mostly at the expense of the accuracy of the results, is discussed.

Information content of the determinations of the amount of an analyte

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 3021-3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager ◽  
Jiří Fusek
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Analytical Results

It is shown how the information content expressed in terms of the extended divergence measure I(r; p, p0) depends on the amount of the component to be determined when homoscedastic and heteroscedastic dependences of the analytical signal on the amount of the analyte are distinguished. The importance of the accuracy is pointed out, with which the amount of the analyte is known in a reference material employed for testing a particular analytical method. Rules are set, the maintaining of which is aimed at avoiding the origin of null information content of analytical results.

How to measure information obtained from biased quantitative analyses

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager ◽  
Vladimír Štěpánek
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Information Measure ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Mean Error ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is shown that the use of the divergence measure for expressing the information content of the results of a quantitative analysis is justified only then if we need not to expect the rise of a systematic, i.e., statistically significant mean error. However, unless we can exclude the rise of a systematic error we have to adopt the information measure I(r, p, p0) proposed earlier; then of course every even statistically insignificant mean error has effect upon the information content. It is studied the relationship of this measure to another information measure used in a specific case for expressing the information content of biased results of a quantitative analysis.

Some properties of the divergence measure of information content as related to quantitative analyses

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195-1202
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager ◽  
Vladimír Štěpánek
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Shannon’S Entropy ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Shannon's Entropy ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
The Difference

Some properties of the divergence measure of the information content of quantitative analysis results are introduced and it is shown how this measure describes the effect of the difference of a result obtained by the analysis from a preliminary one or from an anticipated value. In the same time the measure is compared to the decrease of uncertainty as expressed in terms of Shannon's entropy.

The limit of determination and the limit of nonzero information content

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1647-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Systematic Error ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Relative Precision ◽  
Limit Of Determination

The limit of nonzero information content, which is the lowest result of quantitative determination that is accurate and precise enough to have nonzero information content, is suggested to serve as the lowest limit of applicability of an analytical method whose results involve a systematic error. The limit of determination at which the relative precision of results is σr = 10% can be used as the lowest limit of applicability of a method whose results are accurate.

Information content of analytical signals of instrumental methods

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Mutually Independent

Instrumental analytical methods are studied from the point of view of the information content of the signal, whose intensity or both position and intensity are sources of relevant information. The information content is expressed with the aid of the divergence measure in units defined by the unit isoinform. If both the intensity and the position of the signal are sources of information, it is assumed that they are mutually independent or that the measurement of the signal intensity is carried out with accuracy which depends on the signal position.

Does Information Content Necessarily Increase with Greater Pre-Trade Transparency?

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 531-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaling Lin ◽  
Tai Ma ◽  
Hsiu-Kuei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Institutional Investors ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Intraday Data ◽  
Individual Traders ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of increasing pre-trade transparency using intraday data from the Taiwanese stock market, which has recently experienced gradually increasing transparency. The analytical results indicate the disclosed quotes are more informative than the accompanied depths, and the orders of institutional traders are more informative than those of individual traders. Additionally, the best quotes of unexecuted orders for individual traders always contain more information than the average quotes from Steps 2 to 5, whereas this does not apply for institutional investors. The feature is more obvious for the sub-samples with high and medium turnover rate, but not for the sub-samples with low turnover rate.

Applications of Scanning Microscopy in Biomedical Research

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
T. L. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Whole Mount ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Content Information ◽  
Sectioned Tissue

Biomedical applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have increased in number quite rapidly over the last several years. Studies have been made of cells, whole mount tissue, sectioned tissue, particles, human chromosomes, microorganisms, dental enamel and skeletal material. Many of the advantages of using this instrument for such investigations come from its ability to produce images that are high in information content. Information about the chemical make-up of the specimen, its electrical properties and its three dimensional architecture all may be represented in such images. Since the biological system is distinctive in its chemistry and often spatially scaled to the resolving power of the SEM, these images are particularly useful in biomedical research.In any form of microscopy there are two parameters that together determine the usefulness of the image. One parameter is the size of the volume being studied or resolving power of the instrument and the other is the amount of information about this volume that is displayed in the image. Both parameters are important in describing the performance of a microscope. The light microscope image, for example, is rich in information content (chemical, spatial, living specimen, etc.) but is very limited in resolving power.

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