Information content of analytical signals of instrumental methods

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Mutually Independent

Instrumental analytical methods are studied from the point of view of the information content of the signal, whose intensity or both position and intensity are sources of relevant information. The information content is expressed with the aid of the divergence measure in units defined by the unit isoinform. If both the intensity and the position of the signal are sources of information, it is assumed that they are mutually independent or that the measurement of the signal intensity is carried out with accuracy which depends on the signal position.

Spatial Representations as an Emergent Feature of Perceptual Processing

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Wascher ◽  
C. Beste
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
Emergent Feature ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Selection Of

Spatial selection of relevant information has been proposed to reflect an emergent feature of stimulus processing within an integrated network of perceptual areas. Stimulus-based and intention-based sources of information might converge in a common stage when spatial maps are generated. This approach appears to be inconsistent with the assumption of distinct mechanisms for stimulus-driven and top-down controlled attention. In two experiments, the common ground of stimulus-driven and intention-based attention was tested by means of event-related potentials (ERPs) in the human EEG. In both experiments, the processing of a single transient was compared to the selection of a physically comparable stimulus among distractors. While single transients evoked a spatially sensitive N1, the extraction of relevant information out of a more complex display was reflected in an N2pc. The high similarity of the spatial portion of these two components (Experiment 1), and the replication of this finding for the vertical axis (Experiment 2) indicate that these two ERP components might both reflect the spatial representation of relevant information as derived from the organization of perceptual maps, just at different points in time.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

INFORMATION ASPECT OF THE FORMATION OF THE ANTI-TERRORIST EURASIAN SPACE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.L. KHOPERSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Special Services ◽  
State Commission ◽  
The Republic

The article deals with the problem of completeness of information on measures to counter terrorism and extremism taken by the labor-surplus states of Central Asia. With the help of some former labor migrants, a new model of terrorism (IS 2.0) is being developed based on the use of pendulum migration of radical Islamists to the countries of Central Asia and Russia, such Islamists serve as the core of various extremist organizations. A serious problem for the Russian experts is that none of the countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan) sending labor migrants to Russia publishes complex information each country publishes mainly statistical or regulatory information or news. For example, not all official documents are available in Tajikistan or Uzbekistan and it is difficult to obtain official statistics in Uzbekistan or Kyrgyzstan. Nevertheless, the analysis of the disparate experience of the three countries, among which we can highlight the purposeful work with labor migrants carried out by the representative offices of the Republic of Tajikistan abroad the courses for imams of mosques and clerics on the prevention of radicalization of the population organized by the State Commission for religious affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic and the system of social rehabilitation of repentant extremists in Uzbekistan prove the need for relevant information in a certain standardized form. The main sources of information used in the article are documents of the UN, the CIS Anti-Terrorist Center, speeches of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan containing statistical information, news information from the websites of the special services of the Kyrgyz Republic and legal documents of Uzbekistan. The article substantiates the conclusion about the need to highlight the information aspect in the formation of the anti-terrorist Eurasian space, the relevance of which was discussed at the Council of the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly in May 2019.

Analytical Methods Practiced to Quantitation of Rifampicin: A Captious Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Muljibhai Kotadiya ◽  
Foram Narottambhai Patel
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Drug Product ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Background: Rifampicin (RIF), also known as rifampin, a bactericidal antibiotic having broad antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria act by inhibiting DNA dependent RNA polymerase. RIF has been administered in different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, injections, oral suspension, powder etc. for the treatment of several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy and Legionnaires’ disease. Introduction: To ensure the quality, efficacy, safety and effectiveness of RIF drug product, effective and reliable analytical methods are utmost important. To quantify RIF for quality control or pharmacokinetic purposes, alternative analytical methods have been developed along with the official compendial methods. Method: In this review paper, an extensive literature survey was done to gather information on various analytical instrumental methods used so far for RIF. Result: These methods were high-performance liquid chromatography (42%), hyphenated techniques (18%), spectroscopy (15%), high-performance thin-layer chromatography or thin-layer chromatography (7%) and miscellaneous (18%). Conclusion: All these methods were selective and specific for the RIF analysis.

Information content of the determinations of the amount of an analyte

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 3021-3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Eckschlager ◽  
Jiří Fusek
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Information Content ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Analytical Signal ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Analytical Results

It is shown how the information content expressed in terms of the extended divergence measure I(r; p, p0) depends on the amount of the component to be determined when homoscedastic and heteroscedastic dependences of the analytical signal on the amount of the analyte are distinguished. The importance of the accuracy is pointed out, with which the amount of the analyte is known in a reference material employed for testing a particular analytical method. Rules are set, the maintaining of which is aimed at avoiding the origin of null information content of analytical results.

scholarly journals A Review of the Botany, Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Analytical Methods, Pharmacological Effects, and Toxicity of Angelicae Pubescentis Radix

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Ajiao Hou ◽  
Song Wang ◽  
Jiaxu Zhang ◽  
Wenjing Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Pharmacological Study ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Traditional Use

Angelicae Pubescentis Radix (AP), as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been used for thousands of years in China. In this paper, the botany, traditional use, phytochemistry, analytical methods, quality control, pharmacological effects, and toxicity of AP were reviewed. It can provide a reference for the further research and lay a foundation for the rational clinical application of AP. The relevant information on AP was collected from scientific databases (such as Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SciFinder Scholar), Chinese herbal classics, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, PhD and MSc dissertations, and so on. The components which have been isolated and identified in AP include coumarins, volatile oils, organic acids, terpenes, polysaccharides, flavonoids, sterols, and trace elements. Most of them were analyzed by HPLC and GC. A pharmacological study shows that the AP has extensive pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antirheumatism, sedative and hypnotic, neuroprotection, antioxidation, antitumor, and allergy, and it is widely used in the treatment of the rheumatoid arthritis, knee osteoarthritis, lumbar disc, ankylosing spondylitis, headaches, stroke hemiplegia, Alzheimer’s, and arrhythmia. AP is a valuable natural medicinal plant. So far, significant advances have been made in phytochemistry and pharmacology. Some traditional uses have been demonstrated by modern pharmacology. However, the chemical components and pharmacological effects of AP are complex and varied, and there are different standards for the evaluation of its quality and efficacy. The mechanism of action, the structure-activity relationship among the components, and the potential synergistic and antagonistic effects remain to be studied. At the same time, there are few studies on the specific compounds related to its pharmacodynamics. In order to better develop and utilize AP, we should establish a more reasonable, reliable, and accurate quality control standard and focus on the study of bioactive constituents and the demonstration of their mechanism of action.

ARBITRATION FLASH JUSTICE?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-77
Author(s):  
A.R. SULTANOV
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
External Conditions

In this article, the author attempts to comprehensively consider such a concept as “flash justice”. The study of this concept, new for Russian science, takes place through the prism of law enforcement practice and the use of many illustrative examples of judicial acts, interviews with representatives of the judicial system and other sources of information. The mentioned phenomenon is considered and evaluated from the point of view of not only civil and arbitration, but also criminal proceedings, where examples are more colorful and clear. The author also cites foreign, in particular English, legal experience as an example. Thus, it is noted that a draft judicial act can be prepared by both the court staff, and its individual provisions can be prepared by the parties. At the same time, the existing guarantees related to the prevention of misleading the judge, as the author notes, contribute to the formulation of the draft court decision, which reflects only the objective facts established by the court and meets the criteria of truth and legality. Also, the article indirectly touches on certain retrospective aspects related to the development of the institution of judicial decision, as well as its transformations in the light of the changing external conditions of the administration of justice.

scholarly journals Acetaminophen Metabolism Revisited Using Non-Targeted Analyses: Implications for Human Biomonitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur David ◽  
Jade Chaker ◽  
Thibaut Léger ◽  
Raghad Al-Salhi ◽  
Marlene Danner Dalgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Human Biomonitoring ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Excretion Rates

The analgesic paracetamol (N-acetyl-4-aminophenol, APAP) is commonly used to relieve pain, fever and malaise. While sales have increased worldwide, a growing body of experimental and epidemiological evidence has suggested APAP as a possible risk factor for various health disorders. To perform internal exposure-based risk assessment, the use of accurate and optimized biomonitoring methods is criticical. However, retrospectively assessing pharmaceutical use of APAP in humans is challenging because of its short half-life. The objective of this study was to address the key biomonitoring issues with APAP using current standard analytical methods based on urinary analyses of free APAP and its phase II conjugates. Using non-targeted analyses based on high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified in a controlled longitudinal exposure study with male volunteers, unrecognized APAP metabolites with delayed formation and excretion rates. We postulate that these metabolites are formed via the thiomethyl shunt after the enterohepatic circulation as already observed in rodents. Importantly, the conjugated thiomethyl metabolites were (i) of comparable diagnostic sensitivity as the free APAP and its phase II conjugates detected by current methods; (ii) had delayed peak levels in blood and urine compared to other APAP metabolites and therefore potentially extend the window of exposure assessment; and (iii) provide relevant information regarding metabolic pathways of interest from a toxicological point of view. Including these metabolites in future APAP biomonitoring methods provide an option to decrease potential underestimation of APAP use and challenges the notion that the standard methods in biomonitoring based exclusively on the parent compound and its phase II metabolites are adequate for human biomonitoring of non-persistant chemical such as APAP. <br>

The main trends in the Russian tourism and hospitality market from the point of view of Russian travel agencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Gudkov ◽  
Elena Dedkova ◽  
Kristina Dudina
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Information ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThis paper aims to discuss recent developments in the Russian tourism industry and the main reasons for new initiatives in local destination development.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on qualitative research methodology. A summary of key literature is presented alongside the analysis of the survey results.FindingsThis paper sheds light on the challenges and changes that took place in the Russian tourism business between 2014 and 2017. The subject is poorly covered in academic literature. The basic data for analysis presented in official statistics are scarce. Therefore a more effective way of obtaining relevant information was to conduct a survey using a semi-structured questionnaire, with tourism business actors as respondents.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper provides mostly conceptual analysis based on limited empirical data; directions for further empirical research are proposed in the conclusion.Originality/valueThe paper reveals something of the impact of economic and geopolitical factors, both negative and positive ones, on the restructuring of the Russian tourism market and the emergence of promising opportunities for the development of new domestic destinations. As a result, tourism market actors are able to become more diverse.

Disclosure of interim review reports: Do interim going concern conclusions have information content?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Grosse ◽  
Tom Scott
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Market Reaction ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Audit Opinion ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incremental Information ◽  
Review Reports

This paper examines the information content of interim review assurance in the Australian mandatory disclosure setting. First, we find a strong negative market reaction to interim going concern conclusions (IGCC) contained in the review of interim financial statements. Second, we find no significant difference between the market reaction to IGCCs and annual going concern opinions (AGCO) received at the annual report audit. Finally, we show IGCCs are significant predictors of subsequent AGCOs, and provide incremental information from the previous annual report audit opinion. Overall, these results contribute to the literature on the benefits of mandatory interim assurance by showing that going concern conclusions contained in interim financial statements provide investors with new and relevant information.

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