Small-world dynamics drove Phanerozoic divergence of burrowing behaviors

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Baucon ◽  
Carlos Neto de Carvalho ◽  
Fabrizio Felletti ◽  
Gabriele Tosadori ◽  
Alexandre Antonelli
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Small World ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Association Pattern ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Organizing Principles ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Species of burrowing animals have changed substantially over evolutionary time scales, but, surprisingly, burrows display persisting morphological patterns throughout the Phanerozoic. Deep-sea burrows are geometrically patterned, whereas shallow-marine burrows display simpler morphologies. This divergence between burrow associations is one of the central conundrums of paleontology, but it has never been quantitatively demonstrated, and the organizing principles responsible for this structure remain unknown. We show that the divergence of burrow associations has been shaped by small-world dynamics, which is proposed as a major macroevolutionary force in marine environments. Using network analysis, our study reveals that the association patterns between burrow morphotypes in 45 paleontological sites span ~500 m.y. Strong statistical support is demonstrated for a surprising association pattern, according to which the data set is optimally partitioned into two subgroups of tightly associated burrow types. These groups correspond to shallow- and deep-marine biomes. Our analysis demonstrates that across the Phanerozoic Eon, burrows did not assemble randomly nor regularly, following instead small-world assembly rules remarkably similar to those that shape human social networks. As such, small-world dynamics deeply influenced gene flow and natural variation in heritable behavior across evolutionary time.

scholarly journals Is the Genotype-Phenotype Map Modular?: A Statistical Approach Using Mouse Quantitative Trait Loci Data

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason G Mezey ◽  
James M Cheverud ◽  
Günter P Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Statistical Distribution ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Alveolar Region ◽  
Phenotypic Characters ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Complex Characters

Abstract Various theories about the evolution of complex characters make predictions about the statistical distribution of genetic effects on phenotypic characters, also called the genotype-phenotype map. With the advent of QTL technology, data about these distributions are becoming available. In this article, we propose simple tests for the prediction that functionally integrated characters have a modular genotype-phenotype map. The test is applied to QTL data on the mouse mandible. The results provide statistical support for the notion that the ascending ramus region of the mandible is modularized. A data set comprising the effects of QTL on a more extensive portion of the phenotype is required to determine if the alveolar region of the mandible is also modularized.

PEMANFAATAN ALAT BANTU RUMPON ELEKTRONIK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN HASIL TANGKAPAN PADA ALAT TANGKAP GILL NET DI WILAYAH PESISIR KAB. BULUKUMBA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Rahmat Bin Aburaera Sileh ◽  
Danial Sultan ◽  
Ihsan Ihsan
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Total Catch ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Fishing Trip ◽  
Gill Net

The purpose of this study was to determine the yield and type of catch, the comparison of the number of catches and the efforts to manage electronic FADs on Gill Net fishing gear. This research was conducted in Bulukumba waters from February to March 2017. Data collection was carried out by direct observation of fishermen in Bulukumba waters. The samples used in this study were FADs installed by fishermen in the waters of Bulukumba as many as 20 locations. Based on the research results, fish catches with electronic FADs ranged from 98 to 131 fish per fishing trip with a total catch of 2,324 fish. Meanwhile, the usual FAD catches ranged from 51 to 84 fish per fishing trip with a total catch of 1,313 fish and the highest type of fish was selar, followed by male mackerel, Selar bentong, white Kuwe, Layang, Barracuda, selangat and Mata goyang. The ratio between the catch and the use of electronic FADs was 64%, while the regular FADs were 36%. Considering that FADs are an effective tool in collecting fish, a sustainable management strategy is needed, including by (1) community based management, (2) limiting fishing efforts, (3) stopping the addition of shallow marine FADs. , (4) use of fishing gear with large mesh sizes and (5) prioritize the use of deep sea FADs.

Building and Analyzing of Enterprise Network

2017 ◽  
pp. 1453-1477
Author(s):  
Liqiang Wang ◽  
Shijun Liu ◽  
Li Pan ◽  
Lei Wu ◽  
Xiangxu Meng
Keyword(s):  
Customer Value ◽  
Small World ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Social Business ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Enterprise Network ◽  
Ego Networks ◽  
Hypergraph Model ◽  
Distribution Features

Social business moves beyond linear, process-driven organizations to create new, dynamic, networked businesses that focus on customer value. Enterprise network (EN) is used to support social business by maximizing current and future opportunities and facilitate network-enabled processes, which can lead to value co-creation. EN is a multi-level hypergraph model with enterprises, employees, products and other related entities. In this paper the authors refine the EN model and present the foundation of EN to support social businesses. Then they introduce a case study on China automobile supply network (CASN). For the similarity with social networks, they verify power-law and small world theories in EN with statistical results on this data set. These theories are fitful in EN, but some new characteristics exist. The structure of EN consists of star-shaped clusters and the authors extract ego networks taking suppliers and manufacturers as the ego respectively. With the structure and distribution features of EN, they present the enterprise business similarity analysis method based on common-neighbors. And they also introduce the tentative work to detect Dunbar circles in EN. To analyze the data in a more intuitional and effective way, the authors use some data visualization tools to process the data in EN.

scholarly journals A Century of Topological Coevolution of Complex Infrastructure Networks in an Alpine City

Complexity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Zischg ◽  
Christopher Klinkhamer ◽  
Xianyuan Zhan ◽  
P. Suresh C. Rao ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Small World ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Dual Representation ◽  
Infrastructure Networks ◽  
Network Analyses

In this paper, we used complex network analysis approaches to investigate topological coevolution over a century for three different urban infrastructure networks. We applied network analyses to a unique time-stamped network data set of an Alpine case study, representing the historical development of the town and its infrastructure over the past 108 years. The analyzed infrastructure includes the water distribution network (WDN), the urban drainage network (UDN), and the road network (RN). We use the dual representation of the network by using the Hierarchical Intersection Continuity Negotiation (HICN) approach, with pipes or roads as nodes and their intersections as edges. The functional topologies of the networks are analyzed based on the dual graphs, providing insights beyond a conventional graph (primal mapping) analysis. We observe that the RN, WDN, and UDN all exhibit heavy tailed node degree distributions [P(k)] with high dispersion around the mean. In 50 percent of the investigated networks, P(k) can be approximated with truncated [Pareto] power-law functions, as they are known for scale-free networks. Structural differences between the three evolving network types resulting from different functionalities and system states are reflected in the P(k) and other complex network metrics. Small-world tendencies are identified by comparing the networks with their random and regular lattice network equivalents. Furthermore, we show the remapping of the dual network characteristics to the spatial map and the identification of criticalities among different network types through co-location analysis and discuss possibilities for further applications.

High resolution linkage of channel-coastal plain and shallow marine facies belts, Desert Member to Lower Castlegate Sandstone stratigraphic interval, Book Cliffs, Utah-Colorado, USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1643-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A.J. Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Book Cliffs ◽  
Marine Facies ◽  
Sequence Boundaries ◽  
Allogenic Processes ◽  
Stacking Patterns ◽  
Order Sequence

AbstractThe Campanian Desert Member and Lower Castlegate Sandstone in the Book Cliffs of east-central Utah to western Colorado, USA, has served as a foundational data set in the development of sequence stratigraphy. Contrary to previous work, no third-order sequence boundaries are recognized. These were originally thought to partition the neighboring coastal plain and shallow marine facies belts into separate systems tracts, unlinked in time or space. In contrast, adjoining channel-coastal plain and shallow marine facies belts are genetically-, temporally-, and spatially-related. Evidence includes the (i) synchronous, strongly progradational stacking patterns within each facies belt, (ii) gradational and conformable transitions between adjoining facies belts, accentuated by the ubiquity of flat-topped, rooted foreshore sandstones passing upwards into carbonaceous-rich-mudstone-dominated coastal plain, (iii) parasequence-scale interfingering of coastal plain-channel and foreshore-shoreface deposits, with channels, white caps and coals embedded within stacked shoreface parasequences, (iv) regional correlation of coals and flooding surfaces, and (v) near orthogonal paleocurrent relationship between channels and shorelines. Terminal channels incise into proximal foreshore-shoreface sandstones in most Desert-Castlegate parasequences. Incisions are generally confined to the parasequence in which the channels are nested, rarely cutting deeper. These shoreface-incised channels are cut and filled at a parasequence-scale, and are bounded above by the same flooding surface that caps each foreshore-shoreface package. The ubiquity of ascending regressive shoreface trajectories and near absence of descending regressive trajectories that intersect depositional slope argues against any significant sea level fall. Increased rates of sediment supply, driven by autogenic and/or allogenic processes, likely generated the strongly progradational Desert-Castlegate great tongue of sandstone.

A NEW TEICHICHNOID TRACE FOSSIL SYRINGOMORPHA CYPRENSIS FROM THE MIOCENE OF CYPRUS

Palaios ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 506-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
OLMO MIGUEZ-SALAS ◽  
FRANCISCO J. RODRÍGUEZ-TOVAR ◽  
ALFRED UCHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Trace Fossil ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Bottom Current ◽  
Lower Paleozoic ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Current Flows

ABSTRACTA new teichichnoid trace fossil, Syringomorpha cyprensis from the Miocene of Cyprus, is proposed as a vertical burrow composed of an arcuate-like tube with horizontal parts to subhorizontal distally and vertical to subvertical parts proximally and triangular spreiten in the inner corner of the tube. Previously, this ichnogenus was represented only by the lower Paleozoic, shallow marine S. nilssoni, which disappeared after the Cambrian. Syringomorpha cyprensis marks the reappearance of similar behavior, in a deep-sea environment with pelagic, contouritic, and turbiditic sedimentation, influenced by frequent turbiditic and bottom current flows. Both ichnospecies of Syringomorpha could be produced by the same taxonomic group of probable worm like organisms (polychaetes?). Energy conditions were a stronger influence on the distribution of S. cyprensis tracemaker rather depth.

scholarly journals Biogeography, diversity and environmental relationships of shelf and deep-sea benthic Amphipoda around Iceland

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11898
Author(s):  
Anne-Nina Lörz ◽  
Stefanie Kaiser ◽  
Jens Oldeland ◽  
Caroline Stolter ◽  
Karlotta Kürzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Amphipod Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Seabed Topography ◽  
Variable Nature ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Marine Realm ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The waters around Iceland, bounding the Northern North Atlantic and the Nordic seas, are a region characterized by complex hydrography and seabed topography. This and the presence of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe-Scotland ridge (GIFR) are likely to have a major impact on the diversity and distribution of the benthic fauna there. Biodiversity in this region is also under increasing threat from climate-induced changes, ocean warming and acidification in particular, affecting the marine realm. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biodiversity and distributional patterns of amphipod crustaceans in Icelandic waters and how it relates to environmental variables and depth. A comprehensive data set from the literature and recent expeditions was compiled constituting distributional records for 355 amphipod species across a major depth gradient (18–3,700 m). Using a 1° hexagonal grid to map amphipod distributions and a set of environmental factors (depth, pH, phytobiomass, velocity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved iron, salinity and temperature) we could identify four distinct amphipod assemblages: A Deep-North, Deep-South, and a Coastal cluster as well as one restricted to the GIFR. In addition to depth, salinity and temperature were the main parameters that determined the distribution of amphipods. Diversity differed greatly between the depth clusters and was significantly higher in coastal and GIFR assemblages compared to the deep-sea clusters north and south of the GIFR. A variety of factors and processes are likely to be responsible for the perceived biodiversity patterns, which, however, appear to vary according to region and depth. Low diversity of amphipod communities in the Nordic basins can be interpreted as a reflection of the prevailing harsh environmental conditions in combination with a barrier effect of the GIFR. By contrast, low diversity of the deep North Atlantic assemblages might be linked to the variable nature of the oceanographic environment in the region over multiple spatio-temporal scales. Overall, our study highlights the importance of amphipods as a constituent part of Icelandic benthos. The strong responses of amphipod communities to certain water mass variables raise the question of whether and how their distribution will change due to climate alteration, which should be a focus of future studies.

Environmental predictors of deep-sea polymetallic nodule occurrence in the global ocean

Geology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-297
Author(s):  
Adriana Dutkiewicz ◽  
Alexander Judge ◽  
R. Dietmar Müller
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Bottom Current ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Geological Processes

Abstract Polymetallic nodules found on the abyssal plains of the oceans represent one of the slowest known geological processes, and are a source of critical and rare metals for frontier technologies. A quantitative assessment of their occurrence worldwide has been hampered by a research focus on the northeastern Pacific Ocean and the lack of a global open-access data set of nodules. We have compiled a global data set of >10,000 seabed nodule and control samples, and combine it with digital grids of key environmental parameters to generate a predictive machine-learning model of nodule occurrence. In order of decreasing parameter ranking, we find that nodules are associated with very low sedimentation rates (< 0.5 cm/k.y.), moderately high oxygen values (150 and 210 mmol/m3), lithologies of clay followed by calcareous ooze, low summer surface productivity (<300 mgC/m2/day), low benthic biomass concentration (<1 log mgC/m2), water depths >4500 m, and low total organic carbon content (0.3–0.5 wt%). Competing hypotheses for nodule sustention and thus continued growth on the seafloor are the removal of sediment by bottom-water currents and biological activity. Using a high-resolution eddy-resolving ocean circulation model, we find that the bottom-current speeds over nodule fields are too low (<5 cm/s) to remove sediment, implicating the activity of epibenthic megafauna as the most likely mechanism. Our global nodule probability map combined with the assessment of a range of environmental drivers provides an improved basis for decision and policy making in the controversial area of deep-sea exploration.

COMPARATIVE TAPHONOMY OF DEEP-SEA AND SHALLOW-MARINE ECHINOIDS OF THE GENUS ECHINOCYAMUS

Palaios ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 403-420
Author(s):  
TOBIAS B. GRUN ◽  
MORANA MIHALJEVIĆ ◽  
GREGORY E. WEBB
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Apical System ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Long Time ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Tropics

ABSTRACT The infaunal living clypeasteroid echinoid genus Echinocyamus is considered a model organism for various ecological and paleontological studies since its distribution ranges from the polar regions to the tropics, and from shallow-marine settings to the deep-sea. Deep-sea analyses of this genus are rare, but imperative for the understanding and function of these important ecosystems. During the 2012 Southern Surveyor expedition, 35 seamounts off the east coast of Australia were dredged in depths greater than 800 m. Of these, six dredges contained a total of 18 deep-sea Echinocyamus tests. The tests have been analyzed for taphonomic alterations including abrasion patterns, macro-borings, micro-borings, depressions on the test, test staining, test filling, encrustation, and fragmentation. Findings are interpreted in the context of the deep-sea setting and are compared to Echinocyamus samples from shallow-water environments. Results show that abrasion in deep-sea environments is generally high, especially in ambulacral and genital pores indicating that tests can persist for a long time on the seafloor. This contrasts with shallow-water Echinocyamus that show lower abrasion due to early test destruction. Macro-borings are present as single or paired holes with straight vertical profiles resembling Lithophaga borings. Micro-borings are abundant and most likely the result of sponge or fungal activity. Depressions on the tests, such as scars or pits, are likely the result of trauma or malformation during ontogeny. Test staining is common, but variable, and is associated with FE/Mn oxidation and authigenic clays based on elemental analyses. Test filling occurs as loose or lithified sediment. Encrustation is present in the form of rudimentary crusts and biofilms. No macro-organisms were found on the tests. Biofilm composition differs from shallow-water environments in that organisms captured in the biofilm reflect aphotic conditions or sedimentation of particles from higher in the water column (e.g., coccoliths). Fragmentation is restricted to the apical system and pore regions. Results of this first comparative study on deep-sea Echinocyamus from Australian seamounts show that the minute tests can survive for a long time in these settings and undergo environmental specific taphonomic processes reflected in various taphonomic alterations.

scholarly journals Inferring functional traits in a deep-sea wood-boring bivalve using dynamic energy budget theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Gaudron ◽  
S. Lefebvre ◽  
G. M. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Energy Budget ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Marine Bivalve ◽  
Food Density ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Dynamic Energy Budget ◽  
Shallow Marine

AbstractFor species in the deep sea, there is a knowledge gap related to their functional traits at all stages of their life cycles. Dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory has been proven to be an efficient framework for estimating functional traits throughout a life cycle using simulation modelling. An abj-DEB model, which compared with the standard DEB model includes an extra juvenile stage between the embryo and the usual juvenile stages, has been successfully implemented for the deep-sea Atlantic woodeater Xylonora atlantica. Most of the core and primary parameter values of the model were in the range of those found for shallow marine bivalve species; however, in comparison to shallow marine bivalves, X. atlantica required less energy conductance and energy to reach the puberty stage for the same range of body sizes, and its maximum reserve capacity was higher. Consequently, its size at first reproduction was small, and better survival under starvation conditions was expected. A series of functional traits were simulated according to different scenarios of food density and temperature. The results showed a weak cumulative number of oocytes, a low growth rate and a small maximum body size but an extended pelagic larval duration under deep-sea environmental conditions. Moreover, DEB modelling helped explain that some male X. atlantica individuals remain dwarfs while still reproducing by changing their energy allocation during their ontogenetic development in favour of reproduction. The estimation of functional traits using DEB modelling will be useful in further deep-sea studies on the connectivity and resilience of populations.

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