scholarly journals Volcanic carbon cycling in East Lake, Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA

Geology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.D. Brumberg ◽  
L. Capece ◽  
C.N. Cauley ◽  
P. Tartell ◽  
C. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Volcanic Lake ◽  
Crater Lakes ◽  
Newberry Volcano ◽  
East Lake ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Lake Waters

The carbon cycle in East Lake (Newberry Volcano, Oregon, USA) is fueled by volcanic CO2 inputs with traces of Hg and H2S. The CO2 dissolves in deep lake waters and is removed in shallow waters through largely diffusive surface degassing and photosynthesis. Escaping gas and photosynthate have low δ13C values, leading to δ13C(DIC) (DIC—dissolved inorganic carbon) as high as +5.7‰ in surface waters, well above the common global lake range. A steep δ13C depth gradient is further established by respiration and absorption of light volcanic CO2 in bottom waters. The seasonal CO2 degassing starts at >100 t CO2/day after ice melting in the spring and declines to ~40 t/day in late summer, degassing ~11,700 t CO2/yr. Thus, volcano monitoring through gas fluxes from crater lakes should consider lacustrine processes that modulate the volcanic gas output over time. The flux contribution of a bubbling CO2 “hotspot” increased from 20% to >90% of the lake-wide CO2 flux from 2015 to 2019 CE, followed by a “toxic gas alert” in July 2020. East Lake is an active volcanic lake with a “geogenic” ecosystem driven primarily by hydrothermal inputs.

scholarly journals Distributions of surface water CO<sub>2</sub> and air-sea flux of CO<sub>2</sub> in coastal regions of the Canadian Beaufort Sea in late summer

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 5093-5132 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Murata ◽  
K. Shimada ◽  
S. Nishino ◽  
M. Itoh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Co2 Sink

Abstract. To quantify the air-sea flux of CO2 in a high-latitude coastal region, we conducted shipboard observations of atmospheric and surface water partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) in the Canadian Beaufort Sea (150° W–127° W; 69° N–73° N) in late summer 2000 and 2002. Surface water pCO2 was lower than atmospheric pCO2 (2000, 361.0 μatm; 2002, 364.7 μatm), and ranged from 250 to 344 μatm. Accordingly, ΔpCO2, which is the driving force of the air-sea exchange of CO2 and is calculated from differences in pCO2 between the sea surface and the overlying air, was generally negative (potential sink for atmospheric CO2), although positive ΔpCO2 values (source) were also found locally. Distributions of surface water pCO2, as well as those of ΔpCO2 and CO2 flux, were controlled mainly by water mixing related to river discharge. The air-sea fluxes of CO2 were −15.0 and −16.8 mmol m−2 d−1 on average in 2000 and 2002, respectively, implying that the area acted as a moderate sink for atmospheric CO2. The air-to-sea net CO2 flux in an extended area of the western Arctic Ocean (411 000 km2) during the ice-free season (=100 days) was calculated as 10.2±7.7 mmol m−2 d−1, equivalent to a regional CO2 sink of 5.0±3.8 Tg C. The estimated buffer factor was 1.5, indicating that the area is a high-capacity CO2 sink. These CO2 flux estimates will need to be revised because they probably include a bias due to the vertical gradients of physical and chemical properties characteristic in the region, which have not yet been adequately considered.

Diffuse CO2 flux emission in two maar crater lakes from São Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal)

2019 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Andrade ◽  
Fátima Viveiros ◽  
J. Virgílio Cruz ◽  
Rafael Branco ◽  
Lucía Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Crater Lakes

scholarly journals Lake water dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics revealed from monthly measurements of radiocarbon in the Fuji Five Lakes, Japan

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Ota ◽  
Yusuke Yokoyama ◽  
Yosuke Miyairi ◽  
Shinya Yamamoto ◽  
Toshihiro Miyajima
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Human Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lake Waters ◽  
Reservoir Age

Lakes are sensitive recorders of anthropogenic activities, as human society often develops in their vicinity. Lake sediments thus have been widely used to reconstruct the history of environmental changes in the past, anthropogenic, or otherwise, and radiocarbon dating provides chronological control of the samples. However, specific values of radiocarbon in different carbon reservoirs due to the different pathways of radiocarbon from the upper atmosphere to the lake, called the radiocarbon reservoir age, is always difficult to evaluate because of dynamic processes in and around lakes. There are few systematic studies on radiocarbon reservoir ages for lakes owing to the complex radiocarbon transfer processes for lakes. Here, we investigate lake waters of the Fuji Five Lakes with monthly monitoring of the radiocarbon reservoir effects. Radiocarbon from dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for groundwater and river water is also measured, with resulting concentrations (Δ14C) at their lowest at Lake Kawaguchi in August 2018 (–122.4 ± 3.2‰), and at their highest at Lake Motosu in January 2019 (–22.4 ± 2.5‰), despite a distance of 25 km. However, winter values in both lakes show similar trends of rising Δ14C (about 20‰). Our lake water DIC Δ14C results are compared to previously published records obtained from sediments in Lake Motosu and Lake Kawaguchi. These suggest that total organic carbon and compound-specific radiocarbon found in sediments are heavily influenced by summer blooms of aquatic organisms that fix DIC in water. Thus, future studies to conduct similar analyses at the various lakes would be able to provide further insights into the carbon cycle around inland water, namely understanding the nature of radiocarbon reservoir ages.

Dynamics of a cyanobacterial bloom in a hypereutrophic, stratified weir pool

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Thompson ◽  
A. M. Waite ◽  
K. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
P Availability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Oxygenated Water

In summer 1997–1998, a bloom of the cyanobacteria Anabaena circinalis (Rabenhorst) and Anabaena spiroides (Klebahn) contaminated the Canning River (Perth, WA), forcing its closure to the public for swimming and fishing. We investigated the major nutrient fluctuations before, during and after the bloom. The river was persistently temperature stratified at least 1 month prior to the bloom. The surface and bottom layers of water had distinctly different nutrient concentrations, which meant that biomass and growth rates of the phytoplankton within each layer were limited by different nutrients. At the peak of the bloom, in the bottom waters growth rates were light limited and biomass was nitrogen limited, whereas in the surface waters biomass was controlled by phosphorus (P) availability and growth rates were probably limited by the lack of dissolved inorganic carbon. Another consequence of stratification was that, at the peak of the bloom (0.25 mg chlorophyll L−1), the mostly buoyant cyanobacteria could not access 83% of the P released from sediments during the summer period of anoxia. In this situation, the injection of oxygenated water, tested as a remediation measure for algal blooms, is likely to exacerbate a bloom by providing more of the limiting nutrient to the surface layer. However, aeration prior to the bloom may reduce P release from the sediments by preventing anoxia.

Isotopic and geochemical composition of marl lake waters and implications for radiocarbon dating of marl lake sediments

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Turner ◽  
P. Fritz ◽  
P. F. Karrow ◽  
B. G. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Geochemical Composition ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Marl Lake ◽  
Lake Waters

Radiocarbon dates on organic and calcareous fractions of sediment cores from marl lakes may yield anomalous ages due to the assumption of a constant hardwater correction factor along the sediment sequence. A study of eight marl lakes in southern Ontario that are actively precipitating calcium carbonate was conducted in order to assess those isotopic and aqueous geochemical parameters in modern lakes that may be utilized to estimate the history and extent of variations in the hardwater effect along such sediment sequences. Results show an increase in the δ13C composition of lake DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon) as approach to isotopic equilibrium with atmospheric CO2 occurs. Differences in the extent to which this equilibrium is established also appear responsible for observed differences in the 14C activity of DIC between lakes of as much as 20 pmc (percent modern carbon). These variations have been related to the relative residence times of water in each lake by examination of their corresponding seasonal variations in 18O and 2H content. Consequently δ13C and δ18O of marl and molluscs have been used to identify variations in the hardwater effect along the sediment profile. A profile of radiocarbon dates on marl from Little Lake in southern Ontario shows satisfactory agreement with an independently determined pollen chronology. Where certain criteria are met, marl deposits appear to be suitable material for establishing Quaternary chronology.

scholarly journals Drake Passage Oceanic pCO2: Evaluating CMIP5 Coupled Carbon–Climate Models Using in situ Observations

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
ChuanLi Jiang ◽  
Sarah T. Gille ◽  
Janet Sprintall ◽  
Colm Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Cycle ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Drake Passage ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Mixed Layers

Abstract Surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) variations in Drake Passage are examined using decade-long underway shipboard measurements. North of the Polar Front (PF), the observed pCO2 shows a seasonal cycle that peaks annually in August and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)–forced variations are significant. Just south of the PF, pCO2 shows a small seasonal cycle that peaks annually in February, reflecting the opposing effects of changes in SST and DIC in the surface waters. At the PF, the wintertime pCO2 is nearly in equilibrium with the atmosphere, leading to a small sea-to-air CO2 flux. These observations are used to evaluate eight available Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5), Earth system models (ESMs). Six ESMs reproduce the observed annual-mean pCO2 values averaged over the Drake Passage region. However, the model amplitude of the pCO2 seasonal cycle exceeds the observed amplitude of the pCO2 seasonal cycle because of the model biases in SST and surface DIC. North of the PF, deep winter mixed layers play a larger role in pCO2 variations in the models than they do in observations. Four ESMs show elevated wintertime pCO2 near the PF, causing a significant sea-to-air CO2 flux. Wintertime winds in these models are generally stronger than the satellite-derived winds. This not only magnifies the sea-to-air CO2 flux but also upwells DIC-rich water to the surface and drives strong equatorward Ekman currents. These strong model currents likely advect the upwelled DIC farther equatorward, as strong stratification in the models precludes subduction below the mixed layer.

scholarly journals The impact on atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> of iron fertilization induced changes in the ocean's biological pump

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 3863-3911 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Jin ◽  
N. Gruber ◽  
H. Frenzel ◽  
S. C. Doney ◽  
J. C. McWilliams
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Surface Patch ◽  
Biological Pump ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Uptake Efficiency ◽  
Iron Fertilization ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Using numerical simulations, we quantify the impact of changes in the ocean's biological pump on the air-sea balance of CO2 by fertilizing a small surface patch in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll region of the eastern tropical Pacific with iron. Decade-long fertilization experiments are conducted in a basin-scale, eddy-permitting coupled physical biogeochemical ecological model. In contrast to previous studies, we find that most of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) removed from the euphotic zone by the enhanced biological export is replaced by uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. Atmospheric uptake efficiencies, the ratio of the perturbation in air-sea CO2 flux to the perturbation in export flux across 100 m, are 0.75 to 0.93 in our patch size-scale experiments. The atmospheric uptake efficiency is insensitive to the duration of the experiment. The primary factor controlling the atmospheric uptake efficiency is the vertical distribution of the enhanced biological production. Iron fertilization at the surface tends to induce production anomalies primarily near the surface, leading to high efficiencies. In contrast, mechanisms that induce deep production anomalies (e.g. altered light availability) tend to have a low uptake efficiency, since most of the removed DIC is replaced by lateral and vertical transport and mixing. Despite high atmospheric uptake efficiencies, patch-scale iron fertilization of the ocean's biological pump tends to remove little CO2 from the atmosphere over the decadal timescale considered here.

scholarly journals Carbonate characteristics of the Gulf of Anadyr waters

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-332
Author(s):  
I. I. Pipko ◽  
S. P. Pugach ◽  
N. I. Savelieva ◽  
V. A. Luchin ◽  
O. V. Dudarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Saturation State ◽  
Seawater Acidification ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Classical Mechanism

The first field data describing the dynamics of the carbonate system, aragonite saturation state, and CO2 fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Anadyr in the late autumn season are presented. It was established that during this period the gulf waters absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a rate of -22,5 mmol m‑2 day‑1, which determined the “classical” mechanism of seawater acidification due to uptake of excess atmospheric CO2. In general, surface waters of the gulf were supersaturated with respect to aragonite. The exception was the highly dynamic region of Anadyr Strait, where the vertical distribution of the investigated parameters was homogeneous, the surface waters were close to equilibrium with respect to aragonite, and CO2 flux was directed to the atmosphere. Bottom waters of the gulf, in contrast, were characterized by significant seasonal corrosivity with respect to aragonite due primarily to remineralization of organic matter to CO2. It was shown that during the late fall relatively salty and acidic, quasi-equilibrium with respect to aragonite, and oxygen-depleted waters with high concentrations of nutrients and CO2 have been entered the Chirkov Basin and further the Arctic Ocean with the Navarin current.

scholarly journals Importance of El Niño reproducibility for reconstructing historical CO<sub>2</sub> flux variations in the equatorial Pacific

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Watanabe ◽  
Hiroaki Tatebe ◽  
Hiroshi Koyama ◽  
Tomohiro Hajima ◽  
Masahiro Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Equatorial Pacific ◽  
Ocean Temperature

Abstract. In the equatorial Pacific, air–sea CO2 flux is known to fluctuate in response to inherent climate variability, predominantly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). For both investigation of the response of the carbon cycle to human-induced radiative perturbations and prediction of future global CO2 concentrations, representation of the interannual fluctuation of CO2 fluxes in Earth system models (ESMs) is essential. This study attempted to reproduce observed air–sea CO2 flux fluctuations in the equatorial Pacific using two ESMs, to which observed ocean temperature and salinity data were assimilated. When observations were assimilated into an ESM whose inherent ENSO variability was weaker than observations, nonnegligible correction terms on the governing equation of the equatorial ocean temperature caused anomalously false equatorial upwelling during El Niño periods that brought water rich in dissolved inorganic carbon from the subsurface layer to the surface layer. Contrary to observation, this resulted in an unusual upward air–sea CO2 flux anomaly that should not occur during El Niño periods. The absence of such unrealistic upwelling anomalies in the other ESM with the data assimilation reflects better representation of ENSO and the mean thermocline in this ESM without data assimilation. Our results demonstrate that adequate simulation of ENSO in an ESM is crucial for accurate reproduction of the variability in air–sea CO2 flux and hence, in the carbon cycle.

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