scholarly journals Occurrence and Spread of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli on Dairy Farms

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (13) ◽  
pp. 3765-3773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Duse ◽  
Karin Persson Waller ◽  
Ulf Emanuelson ◽  
Helle Ericsson Unnerstad ◽  
Ylva Persson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Swedish Dairy

ABSTRACTQuinolone-resistantEscherichia coli(QREC) is common in feces from young calves, but the prevalence and genetic diversity of QREC in groups of cattle of other ages and the farm environment are unknown. The aims of the study were to obtain knowledge about the occurrence of QREC on dairy farms, the genetic diversity of QREC within and between farms, and how these relate to the number of purchased animals and geographic distances between farms. We analyzed the within-sample prevalence of QREC in individual fecal samples from preweaned dairy calves and postpartum cows and in environmental samples from 23 Swedish dairy farms. The genetic diversity of the QREC isolates on 10 of these farms was assessed. In general, QREC was more prevalent in the dairy farm environment and in postpartum cows if QREC was commonly found in calves than if QREC was rare in calves. In particular, we found more QREC organisms in feed and water troughs and in environments that may come into contact with young calves. Thus, the results suggest that QREC circulates between cattle and the farm environment and that calves are important for the maintenance of QREC. Some genotypes of QREC were widespread both within and between farms, indicating that QREC has spread within the farms and likely also between farms, possibly through purchased animals. Farms that had purchased many animals over the years had greater within-farm diversity than farms with more closed animal populations. Finally, animals on more closely located farms were more likely to share the same genotype than animals on farms located far apart.IMPORTANCEThis study investigates the occurrence of a specific type of antimicrobial-resistant bacterium on dairy farms. It contributes to increased knowledge about the occurrence and spread of these bacteria, and the results pave the way for actions or further studies that could help mitigate the spread of these bacteria on dairy farms and in the community as a whole.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Escherichia coli Producing CTX-M and pAmpC β-Lactamases from Dairy Farms Identifies a Dominant Plasmid Encoding CTX-M-32 but No Evidence for Transmission to Humans in the Same Geographical Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Findlay ◽  
Oliver Mounsey ◽  
Winnie W. Y. Lee ◽  
Nerissa Newbold ◽  
Katy Morley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Close Relatives

ABSTRACT Third-generation cephalosporin resistance (3GC-R) in Escherichia coli is a rising problem in human and farmed-animal populations. We conducted whole-genome sequencing analysis of 138 representative 3GC-R isolates previously collected from dairy farms in southwest England and confirmed by PCR to carry acquired 3GC-R genes. This analysis identified blaCTX-M (131 isolates encoding CTX-M-1, -14, -15, -and 32 and the novel variant CTX-M-214), blaCMY-2 (6 isolates), and blaDHA-1 (1 isolate). A highly conserved plasmid was identified in 73 isolates, representing 27 E. coli sequence types. This novel ∼220-kb IncHI2 plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-32 was sequenced to closure and designated pMOO-32. It was found experimentally to be stable in cattle and human transconjugant E. coli even in the absence of selective pressure and was found by multiplex PCR to be present on 26 study farms representing a remarkable range of transmission over 1,500 square kilometers. However, the plasmid was not found among human urinary E. coli isolates we recently characterized from people living in the same geographical location, collected in parallel with farm sampling. There were close relatives of two blaCTX-M plasmids circulating among eight human and two cattle isolates, and a closely related blaCMY-2 plasmid was found in one cattle and one human isolate. However, phylogenetic evidence of recent sharing of 3GC-R strains between farms and humans in the same region was not found. IMPORTANCE Third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) are critically important antibacterials, and 3GC resistance (3GC-R) threatens human health, particularly in the context of opportunistic pathogens such as Escherichia coli. There is some evidence for zoonotic transmission of 3GC-R E. coli through food, but little work has been done examining possible transmission via interaction of people with the local near-farm environment. We characterized acquired 3GC-R E. coli found on dairy farms in a geographically restricted region of the United Kingdom and compared these with E. coli from people living in the same region, collected in parallel. While there is strong evidence for recent farm-to-farm transmission of 3GC-R strains and plasmids—including one epidemic plasmid that has a remarkable capacity to be transmitted—there was no evidence that 3GC-R E. coli found on study farms had a significant impact on circulating 3GC-R E. coli strains or plasmids in the local human population.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Escherichia coli from neighboring small-scale dairy farms

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Andrei Rosales-Castillo ◽  
Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas ◽  
Hugo Álvarez-Hernández ◽  
Omar Chassin-Noria ◽  
Alba Irene Varela-Murillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Scale Dairy

scholarly journals Assessment of Influential Factors for Scours Associated with Cryptosporidium sp., Rotavirus and Coronavirus in Calves from Argentinean Dairy Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Emiliano Bertoni ◽  
Adrián A. Barragán ◽  
Marina Bok ◽  
Celina Vega ◽  
Marcela Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Logistic Regression Models

Scours is the most common disease in dairy calves, and it is a multifactorial syndrome complex. Cryptosporidium sp. (C. sp.), rotavirus group A (RVA), and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are the three main pathogens associated with scours. The objective of this study was to identify potential factors associated with scours, C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infections in preweaned dairy calves from Lerma Valley in Salta Province, Argentina. A total of 488 preweaned calves from 19 dairy farms located in the Lerma Valley were enrolled in this observational study. One fecal sample was collected from each calf between one week and two months of age for assessment of C. sp., RVA, and BCoV infection status. Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts and RVA and BCoV antigens in fecal samples were assessed using microscopic observation and indirect enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (iELISA), respectively. A voluntary questionnaire was developed and used to collect data regarding management practices from the participants’ farms. The data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. Scours incidence was 35.4%, and a greater proportion of calves younger than 20 days were affected. Of the fecal samples, 18% and 9.5% tested were positives for C. sp. and RVA, respectively, while BCoV was detected only in two calves. Furthermore, 84.2% and 63.1% of the farms tested positive for Cryptosporidium sp. and RVA, respectively. In addition, the following variables were associated with higher odds of having scours: (1) herd size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.7), (2) calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 2.2), (3) RVA and C. sp. test (positive test; RVA OR = 2.6; C. sp. OR = 3), calf feeding practices (feeding milk replacer; OR = 1.81), and newborn calf management practices (calf moved from maternity pen <6 h after calving; OR = 1.7). Concerning RVA infection, calves less than 20 days of age (OR = 2.6) had a higher chance of testing positive for RVA, while calves that remained in the calving pen for less than 6 h after calving had a lower chance (OR = 0.3). On the other hand, for C. sp. infection, large farm size (>300 milking cows; OR = 1.2) and young calf age (<20 days of age; OR = 4.4) indicated a higher chance of testing positive for C. sp., while calves belonging to farms that fed frozen colostrum (OR = 0.2) had a lower chance of becoming infected with C. sp. The result of this study indicated that scours is a prevalent disease in farms of the Lerma Valley, Salta, Argentina, and that RVA and C. sp. infections, along with specific farm management practices, might be important contributing factors that could increase the chance of NCS in dairy farms.

scholarly journals Genomewide Mutational Diversity in Escherichia coli Population Evolving in Prolonged Stationary Phase

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Savita Chib ◽  
Farhan Ali ◽  
Aswin Sai Narain Seshasayee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Model System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Neutral Drift ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Prolonged stationary phase in bacteria, contrary to its name, is highly dynamic, with extreme nutrient limitation as a predominant stress. Stationary-phase cultures adapt by rapidly selecting a mutation(s) that confers a growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP). The phenotypic diversity of starving E. coli populations has been studied in detail; however, only a few mutations that accumulate in prolonged stationary phase have been described. This study documented the spectrum of mutations appearing in Escherichia coli during 28 days of prolonged starvation. The genetic diversity of the population increases over time in stationary phase to an extent that cannot be explained by random, neutral drift. This suggests that prolonged stationary phase offers a great model system to study adaptive evolution by natural selection. Prolonged stationary phase is an approximation of natural environments presenting a range of stresses. Survival in prolonged stationary phase requires alternative metabolic pathways for survival. This study describes the repertoire of mutations accumulating in starving Escherichia coli populations in lysogeny broth. A wide range of mutations accumulates over the course of 1 month in stationary phase. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) constitute 64% of all mutations. A majority of these mutations are nonsynonymous and are located at conserved loci. There is an increase in genetic diversity in the evolving populations over time. Computer simulations of evolution in stationary phase suggest that the maximum frequency of mutations observed in our experimental populations cannot be explained by neutral drift. Moreover, there is frequent genetic parallelism across populations, suggesting that these mutations are under positive selection. Finally, functional analysis of mutations suggests that regulatory mutations are frequent targets of selection. IMPORTANCE Prolonged stationary phase in bacteria, contrary to its name, is highly dynamic, with extreme nutrient limitation as a predominant stress. Stationary-phase cultures adapt by rapidly selecting a mutation(s) that confers a growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP). The phenotypic diversity of starving E. coli populations has been studied in detail; however, only a few mutations that accumulate in prolonged stationary phase have been described. This study documented the spectrum of mutations appearing in Escherichia coli during 28 days of prolonged starvation. The genetic diversity of the population increases over time in stationary phase to an extent that cannot be explained by random, neutral drift. This suggests that prolonged stationary phase offers a great model system to study adaptive evolution by natural selection.

scholarly journals Genetic Determinants of Resistance to Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin and Fluoroquinolone in Escherichia coli Isolated from Diseased Pigs in the United States

mSphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivdeep Singh Hayer ◽  
Seunghyun Lim ◽  
Samuel Hong ◽  
Ehud Elnekave ◽  
Timothy Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Swine Population

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins are critically important antimicrobial classes for both human and veterinary medicine. We previously found a drastic increase in enrofloxacin resistance in clinical Escherichia coli isolates collected from diseased pigs from the United States over 10 years (2006 to 2016). However, the genetic determinants responsible for this increase have yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize the genetic basis of resistance against fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin) and extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ceftiofur) in swine E. coli isolates using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). blaCMY-2 (carried by IncA/C2, IncI1, and IncI2 plasmids), blaCTX-M (carried by IncF, IncHI2, and IncN plasmids), and blaSHV-12 (carried by IncHI2 plasmids) genes were present in 87 (82.1%), 19 (17.9%), and 3 (2.83%) of the 106 ceftiofur-resistant isolates, respectively. Of the 110 enrofloxacin-resistant isolates, 90 (81.8%) had chromosomal mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parA, and parC genes. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes [qnrB77, qnrB2, qnrS1, qnrS2, and aac-(6)-lb′-cr] borne on ColE, IncQ2, IncN, IncF, and IncHI2 plasmids were present in 24 (21.8%) of the enrofloxacin-resistant isolates. Virulent IncF plasmids present in swine E. coli isolates were highly similar to epidemic plasmids identified globally. High-risk E. coli clones, such as ST744, ST457, ST131, ST69, ST10, ST73, ST410, ST12, ST127, ST167, ST58, ST88, ST617, ST23, etc., were also found in the U.S. swine population. Additionally, the colistin resistance gene (mcr-9) was present in several isolates. This study adds valuable information regarding resistance to critical antimicrobials with implications for both animal and human health. IMPORTANCE Understanding the genetic mechanisms conferring resistance is critical to design informed control and preventive measures, particularly when involving critically important antimicrobial classes such as extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. The genetic determinants of extended-spectrum cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone resistance were highly diverse, with multiple plasmids, insertion sequences, and genes playing key roles in mediating resistance in swine Escherichia coli. Plasmids assembled in this study are known to be disseminated globally in both human and animal populations and environmental samples, and E. coli in pigs might be part of a global reservoir of key antimicrobial resistance (AMR) elements. Virulent plasmids found in this study have been shown to confer fitness advantages to pathogenic E. coli strains. The presence of international, high-risk zoonotic clones provides worrisome evidence that resistance in swine isolates may have indirect public health implications, and the swine population as a reservoir for these high-risk clones should be continuously monitored.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Producing CTX-M Cephalosporinase from Swine Finishing Barns and Their Association with Antimicrobial Use

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1052-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dixie F. Mollenkopf ◽  
Jennifer M. Mirecki ◽  
Joshua B. Daniels ◽  
Julie A. Funk ◽  
Steven C. Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Lactamase Gene

ABSTRACTWe report the recovery ofEscherichia coliorKlebsiella pneumoniaecontaining the extended-spectrum β-lactamase geneblaCTX-Mfrom 24 of 1,495 (1.6%) swine fecal samples in 8 of 50 (16%) finishing barns located in 5 U.S. states. We did not detect an association between antimicrobial use and recovery ofblaCTX-M.

scholarly journals Comparative occurrence and antibiogram of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among post-weaned calves and lactating cows from smallholder dairy farms in a parallel animal husbandry area

2021 ◽  
pp. 1311-1318
Author(s):  
Chya Vannakovida ◽  
Kannika Na Lampang ◽  
Phongsakorn Chuammitri ◽  
Veerasak Punyapornwithaya ◽  
Khwanchai Kreausukon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zone Diameter ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Smallholder Dairy ◽  
Smallholder Dairy Farms

Background and Aim: Inappropriate overuse of antimicrobials might be associated with the spreading of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in animal-based food products. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli have been recognized as an emerging global problem in a One Health approach. This study aimed to assess the occurrence and antimicrobial-susceptible profiles of ESBL-producing E. coli among post-weaned calves and lactating cows in a parallel animal husbandry area. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two pool fecal samples were collected from 36 smallholder dairy farms registered in Ban Hong Dairy Cooperatives, Lamphun Province, Thailand. Pre-enriched fecal samples were cultured in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime. The potential E. coli isolates were identified by not only biochemical tests but also polymerase chain reaction assay of the 16S rRNA gene. ESBL production was confirmed by the combination disk test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli at the farm level was 80.56%. The different phenotypic antibiogram of ESBL-producing E. coli was observed among post-weaned calf and lactating cow specimens. The most frequent resistance patterns of ESBL-producing isolates from both groups were amoxicillin-ceftiofur-cephalexin-cephalothin-cloxacillin-streptomycin-oxytetracycline-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. For the median zone diameter, enrofloxacin-resistant isolates with narrow zone diameter values from lactating cow specimens were particularly more than post-weaned calf specimens (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings revealed the dynamic changes in ESBL-producing E. coli from calves and lactating cows in Lamphun Province, posing the inevitability to prevent bacterial transmission and optimize antimicrobial therapy in dairy farming.

Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Shedding in Preweaned Calves on Colorado Dairies

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 990-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Stenkamp-Strahm ◽  
Craig McConnel ◽  
Doreene R. Hyatt ◽  
Roberta Magnuson ◽  
Paige Tenneson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT To gain insight into a potential age-related predisposition for Escherichia coli pathogen shedding on dairies, this pilot study measured the prevalence of E. coli O157 (ECO157) in the feces of preweaned dairy calves. An aim of this study was to link these outcomes with the concurrent environmental presence of ECO157 and dam ECO157 shedding elucidated in a parallel study. Recto-anal mucosal swabs and a subset of fecal grab samples were collected from calves (2 to 8 weeks of age; n = 399) monthly between December 2013 and June 2014 on three dairies in northern Colorado. A subset of calf dams (n = 111) were also sampled via fecal grab. Concurrently, environmental samples were collected from locations within the vicinity of the calves: farm tractor tires, steering wheels, hutches, buckets, and gloves from the research technicians and the employees involved in calf rearing. The presence of ECO157 and virulence genes was measured in the samples and confirmed via PCR. Of the calves, only 1 (0.25%) of 399 individuals shed during the time period, and the ECO157 strain detected carried no measured virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, and stx2). No difference was seen in detection between the recto-anal mucosal swabs and the fecal grab technique. In contrast, 32% (35 of 111) of the dams shed ECO157, with 1.8% (2 of 111) of the shed isolates containing virulence genes. No ECO157 was detected in the environmental samples. These outcomes demonstrate a disparity between dam and calf ECO157 shedding and indicate that preweaned calves, managed similarly to those of this study, probably have a minor influence on dairy contamination and the transmission of ECO157.

Labor-use efficiency and New York dairy farm financial performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 646-665
Author(s):  
Jing Yi ◽  
Jennifer Ifft
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Hired Labor ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Dairy farms, along with livestock and specialty crop farms, face a tight labor supply and increasing labor costs. To overcome the challenging labor market, farm managers can increase labor-use efficiency through both human resource and capital investments. However, little is known about the relationship between such investments and farm profitability. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between dairy farm financial performance and labor-use efficiency, as measured by labor productivity (milk sold per worker equivalent); labor costs (hired labor cost per unit of milk sold and hired labor cost per worker); and investment in labor-saving equipment. Design/methodology/approach Cluster analysis is applied to partition dairy farms into three performance categories (high/middle/low), based on farms’ rate of return on equity, asset turnover ratios and net dairy income per hundredweight of milk. Next, the annual financial rank is fitted into both random- and farm-level fixed-effects ordered logit and linear models to estimate the relationship between dairy farms’ financial performance and labor-use efficiency. This study also investigates the implications of using a single financial indicator as a measure of financial performance, which is the dominant approach in literature. Findings The study finds that greater labor productivity and cost efficiency (as measured by hired labor cost per unit of milk sold) are associated with better farm financial performance. No statistically significant relationship is found between farm financial performance and both hired labor cost per worker and advance milking systems (a proxy of capital investment in labor-saving technology). Future studies would benefit from better measurements of labor-saving technology. This study also demonstrates inconsistency in regression results when individual financial variables are used as a measure of financial performance. The greater labor-use efficiency on high-performing farms may be a combination of hiring more-skilled workers and managerial strategies of reducing unnecessary labor activities. The results emphasize the importance of managerial strategies that improve overall labor-use efficiency, instead of simply minimizing total labor expenses or labor cost per worker. Originality/value This study examines the importance of labor productivity and labor cost efficiency for dairy farm management. It also develops a novel approach which brings a more comprehensive financial performance evaluation into regression models. Furthermore, this study explicitly demonstrates the potential for inconsistent results when using individual financial variable as a measure of financial performance, which is the dominant measurement of financial performance in farm management studies.

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