scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni Populations in Dairy Cattle, Wildlife, and the Environment in a Farmland Area

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (16) ◽  
pp. 5130-5138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick S. L. Kwan ◽  
Mishele Barrigas ◽  
Frederick J. Bolton ◽  
Nigel P. French ◽  
Peter Gowland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

ABSTRACT We describe a cross-sectional study of the molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy farmland environment, with the aim of elucidating the dynamics of horizontal transmission of C. jejuni genotypes among sources in the area. A collection of 327 C. jejuni isolates from cattle, wildlife, and environmental sources in a 100-km2 area of farmland in northwest England was characterized by multilocus sequence typing. A total of 91 sequence types and 18 clonal complexes were identified. Clonal complexes ST-21, ST-45, and ST-61, which have been frequently associated with human disease, were the most commonly recovered genotypes in this study. In addition, widely distributed genotypes as well as potentially host-associated genotypes have been identified, which suggests that both restricted and interconnecting pathways of transmission may be operating in the dairy farmland environment. In particular, the ST-61 complex and the ST-21 complex were significantly associated with cattle. In contrast, complex strains ST-45, ST-952, and ST-677 were isolated predominantly from wild birds, wild rabbits, and environmental water. A considerable number of novel sequence types have also been identified, which were unassigned to existing clonal complexes and were frequently isolated from wildlife and environmental sources. The segregated distribution of genotypes among samples from different sources suggests that their transmission to humans is perhaps via independent routes. Insight into the dynamics and interactions of C. jejuni populations between important animal reservoirs and their surrounding environment would improve the identification of sources of Campylobacter infection and the design of control strategies.

scholarly journals Insight into One Health Approach: Endoparasite Infections in Captive Wildlife in Bangladesh

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Tilak Chandra Nath ◽  
Keeseon S. Eom ◽  
Seongjun Choe ◽  
Shahadat Hm ◽  
Saiful Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cox1 Gene ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Control Knowledge

Introduction: Endoparasites in captive wildlife might pose a threat to public health; however, very few studies have been conducted on this issue, and much remains to be learned, especially in limited-resource settings. This study aimed to investigate endoparasites of captive wildlife in Bangladesh. Perception and understanding of veterinarians regarding one health and zoonoses were also assessed. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to August 2020. A total of 45 fecal samples from 18 different species of wild animals (i.e., 11 species of mammals: herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores, six birds, and a single reptile species) were collected randomly. Parasitological assessments were done by modified formalin ether sedimentation technique and rechecked by Sheather’s sugar floatation technique. Molecular identification of Spirometra spp. was conducted by amplifying the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Questionnaire surveys among 15 veterinarians and an in-depth interview (IDI) with a zoo officer were conducted. Results: Helminths (Spirometra sp., Capillaria sp., Ascaridia/Heterakis, opisthorchiid, strongyles, acuariid, hookworms, roundworms, and unidentified nematode larvae) and protozoa (coccidian oocyst) were identified, and the overall prevalence was 48.9% (22/45). The cox1 sequences (341 bp) of the Bangladesh-origin Spirometra species from lion showed 99.3–99.7% similarity to the reference sequences of Spirometra decipiens (GenBank No: KJ599679.1; MT122766). The majority of study participants (86.6%) agreed about the importance of endoparasite control in zoo animals, and 73.3% expressed that the one health concept should be promoted in Bangladesh. Only 6.7% of veterinarians perceived confidence in diagnosing parasitic diseases and preventing antiparasiticidal resistance. Conclusions: In the present survey, we found a considerable prevalence of endoparasites in captive wildlife. For the first time, zoonotically important S. decipiens from lion was molecularly characterized in Bangladesh. Veterinarian training is required to improve parasite control knowledge and practice. This study highlights the need for routine parasitological assessment, promotion of one health, and improvement of the implementation of current parasite control strategies in zoo animals.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional study on viraemia and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in a subclinically infected multiplier sow herd

2018 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 189-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Eddicks ◽  
Bettina Beuter ◽  
Ralf Stuhldreier ◽  
Thomas Nolte ◽  
Sven Reese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Preventive Healthcare ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pcv2 Vaccination

Vertical and horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays an important role for the spread of PCV2 within piglet-producing farms and following production steps. Further information is crucial to learn about the principles of PCV2 circulation among sows in piglet-producing farms to improve preventive healthcare concerning porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) in downstream production steps. The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in a 400 sow multiplier herd in Germany with no PCV2 vaccination. Blood, faeces and saliva of the sows in all stages of production were tested for PCV2-DNA by real-time PCR. Results were analysed under respect of the parity and stage of production of the sows. PCV2-DNA in faeces or saliva was observed especially in young sows. Highest rates of viraemia in productive sows were found in the early stages of pregnancy. The results revealed that particularly gilts from the quarantine and rearing area and sows up to the second parity play a major role for the spread of PCV2 and thus for the maintenance of PCV2 infection in sow herds. Furthermore, the stage of production had a significant influence on the detection rate of PCV2-DNA in serum, saliva or faeces of the sows.

scholarly journals Identification through Culture and Molecular Methods of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus in Surface Waters in Rasht

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Keyvan Roshanjo ◽  
Nematallah Jonaidi Jafari ◽  
Leila Asadpour ◽  
Reza Ranjbar ◽  
Davoud Afshar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Campylobacter Fetus

Backgrounds: As zoonotic infectious agents, Campylobacter spp. are important factors causing gastroenteritis in humans. Surveys show that the three strains; Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus play a major role in human infections. Identification of these infectious agents is valuable for sanitary control of disease transmission through water resources. Objectives: The aim of this study was identification and molecular diagnosis of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus in surface waters in Rasht. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 samples of surface water in Rasht collected according to water health guidelines. After culture and biochemical tests on collected samples, detection and identification of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus was done using sequence-specific amplification by Multiplex PCR. The results were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. Results: Out of 45 samples tested, 6 were positive in culture, four of which were identified as Campylobacter jejuni after biochemical tests. Using Multiplex PCR, 8 samples were positive, from which 3 were Campylobacter jejuni, 1 Campylobacter coli and 4 were positive for both Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. All the samples did not yield C. fetus. Conclusions: Multiplex PCR is regarded a diagnostic method with higher sensitivity and specificity than compared to methods for Campylobacter. The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in surface waters in Rasht is considerable. Therefore, public health measures for the control of these organisms are recommended.

Molecular Epidemiology and Resistance Profile of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Strains Isolated from Different Sources in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1516-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina N. Gomes ◽  
Miliane R. Frazão ◽  
Jaqueline Passaglia ◽  
Sheila S. Duque ◽  
Marta I. Cazentini Medeiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Different Sources

Patient-reported complications associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (7) ◽  
pp. 1004-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. SCHÖNBERG-NORIO ◽  
L. MATTILA ◽  
A. LAUHIO ◽  
M.-L. KATILA ◽  
S.-S. KAUKORANTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Joint Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Stool ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Stool Samples

SUMMARYThis study aimed to investigate the occurrence of complications, especially musculoskeletal symptoms, after sporadic Campylobacter jejuni enteritis of domestic origin in Finland. This multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted during a seasonal peak in 2002. Questionnaires were sent to Campylobacter-positive patients, representing different geographical areas, 2 months after collection of positive stool samples. Medical records were viewed in several cases. Besides antimicrobial susceptibility testing C. jejuni isolates were serotyped. A total of 235 patients (58%) returned the questionnaire and 201 C. jejuni-positive patients were finally included in the study. Musculoskeletal symptoms associated with C. jejuni enteritis were frequent (39%); joint pain was most commonly reported (81%). The incidence of reactive arthritis was 4% and that of Achilles enthesopathy and/or heel pain was 9%. Stomach ache during enteritis was associated with the later development of joint pain. Antimicrobial treatment was common but did not prevent complications.

scholarly journals Prevalence of hepatitis B infection markers in Lebanese children: the need for an expanded programme on immunization

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. NABULSI ◽  
G. F. ARAJ ◽  
I. NUWAYHID ◽  
M. RAMADAN ◽  
M. ARISS
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Lebanon ◽  
Infection Markers

This multi-centre, cross-sectional study was designed to reveal the present status of hepatitis B infection markers among Lebanese children, and provide recommendations regarding childhood immunization policies. A total of 841 children, aged between 6 months and 6·5 years, were enrolled from Lebanon's five districts. Their sera were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis B core IgG. The overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection markers was 0·8 % with increasing age-specific rates from 0 % at 6 months to 1·3 % at > 5 years. There was no statistically significant association between the presence of hepatitis B markers and family characteristics or risk factors for infection. The highest prevalence rates were among children from Beirut suburbs (2·9 %) and South Lebanon (1·6 %). The risk of horizontal transmission of hepatitis B to uninfected children increased substantially after the age of 2 years. An expanded programme on immunization that integrates hepatitis B vaccine during the first year of life is needed.

scholarly journals A joint spatial marked point process model for dengue and severe dengue in Medellin, Colombia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Carabali ◽  
Alexandra M. Schmidt ◽  
Berta N. Restrepo ◽  
Jay S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Marked Point ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Marked Point Process ◽  
Severe Dengue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dengue Control

The spatial distribution of surveillance-reported dengue cases and severity are usually analyzed separately, assuming independence between the spatial distribution of non-severe and severe cases. Given the availability of data for the individual geo-location of surveillance-notified dengue cases, we conducted a cross-sectional study to model non-severe and severe dengue simultaneously, identifying the spatial patterns of dengue distribution, using individual and area level covariates within a hierarchical Bayesian model. Results showed that age and socioeconomic status were associated with dengue presence, and there was evidence of clustering for overall cases but not for severity. Our findings inform decision making to address the preparedness or implementation of dengue control strategies at the local level.

scholarly journals Active Surveillance, Drug Resistance, and Genotypic Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus Among School-Age Children in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingshao Liang ◽  
Xiaoyun Liang ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Yan Long ◽  
Jialiang Mai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Multi Locus Sequence Typing ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Resistance Rates

Methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonization predisposes individuals for endogenous infections and is a major threat to children. Recently, oxacillin/cefoxitin-susceptible mecA-positive S. aureus (OS-MRSA) has been reported worldwide. Herein, a prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted across five schools, representing three educational stages, in Guangzhou, China. Nasal swabs from 2,375 students were cultured for S. aureus and all isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing phenotypically and confirmed by femB and mecA genetic detection; all the isolates were classified as MSSA, MRSA, or OS-MRSA. All strains were also analyzed by multi-locus sequence typing. Among the 2,375 swabs, S. aureus was detected in 744 children (31.3%, 95% CI: 25.9–36.7%), of whom 72 had MRSA (3.0%, 95% CI: 0.6–5.4%) and 4 had OS-MRSA (0.2%, 95% CI: 0.1–0.3%), of which an oxacillin- and cefoxitin-susceptible MRSA strain was identified. The prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was higher in younger children. The highest percentage of drug resistance of the S. aureus isolates (n = 744) was to penicillin (85.5%), followed by erythromycin (43.3%) and clidamycin (41.0%). The most prevalent sequence types (STs) were ST30, ST45, and ST188 in MSSA, accounting for 38.7% of the total isolates, whereas ST45, ST59, and ST338 accounted for 74.6% of the MRSA isolates and ST338 accounted for 50.0% of the OS-MRSA isolates. The MRSA and OS-MRSA isolates (n = 76) were grouped into three clades and one singleton, with clonal complex (CC) 45 as the most predominant linkage. The top nine multi-locus sequence typing-based CCs (CC30, CC45, CC5, CC1, CC15, CC944, CC398, CC59, CC7) represented 86.7% of all S. aureus isolates. All CC30 isolates were resistant to erythromycin and clidamycin, and almost all these isolates were also resistant to penicillin (99.2%). The CC45 and CC59 isolates exhibited high resistance rates to oxacillin at 31.5 and 59.0%, respectively. This study provides updated data valuable for designing effective control strategies to mitigate the burden of disease and to improve the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial treatments for potentially harmful infections.

scholarly journals Schistosoma mansoni infection and risk factors among fishermen at Lake Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadesse Menjetta ◽  
Daniel Dana ◽  
Serkadis Debalke
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
The Status ◽  
Hook Worm

Schistosomiasis/Bilharziasis is one of the neglected tropical parasitic diseases caused by different species of genus schistosoma. Among the species, S.mansoni (causative agents of intestinal schistosomiasis) is one of the causes of severe intestinal parasitic infections with high public and medical importance in Ethiopia. There is scarcity of information about the status of S.mansoni infection among the fisherman in the present study area and in the country at large. Therefore this study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S.mansoni infection among fishermen at Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the fishermen from April to June 2013 in Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 243 fishermen were included by Systematic Random Sampling from the lists of the fishermen members in the registration book of fishermen associations in the Hawassa Town. Data on socio-demographic features and risk factors were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and processed using Kato-Katz thick smear techniques and examined between 30- 40 minute for hook worm and after 24 hours for S.mansoni and other soil transmitted helminths (STHs). The overall prevalence of S.mansoni among the fishermen was 29.21% (71/243) and the mean intensity of infection was 158.88 eggs per gram (EPG). The prevalence of intestinal helminths including S.mansoni was 69.54% (169/243). Moreover, the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths (STHs) were 40.74% (99/243), 35.80% (87/243) and 5.76% (14/243) for A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm species, respectively. Almost similar prevalence of S.mansoni, 31.82%, 31.75%, 31.94% were recorded in age groups of 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29 years, respectively. Fishermen who are swimming always were 2.92 times [95% CI: 1.554, 5.502] more likely to acquire S.mansoni infection than other water contacting habit of the study participants. The results of current investigation indicated the moderate endemicity of S.mansoni among the fishermen at Lake Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Fishermen could be the potential risk group for S.mansoni infection and might be responsible for the transmission of S.mansoni to other segments of the communities. Since high prevalence of STH were recorded among the fishermen, integrated prevention and control strategies from different sectors might be important to tackle the problem. Key words: S.mansoni, Soil transmitted helminths, Fishermen, Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

scholarly journals Demographic study of dogs in rural and urban areas in Umuahia; a step towards eradication of rabies

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-66
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas

Dog-mediated human rabies remains a major public health threat in Nigeria. The availability of reliable dog population estimates is the key in planning control strategies for canine rabies in developing countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the demography of dogs in Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. A cross sectional study was carried out in Umuahia North and Umuahia south, Local Government areas (LGA) Abia state, Nigeria, between September and November 2019. A total of 132 compounds in Umuahia North and 186 compounds in Umuahia South were randomly selected for administration of questionnaires. A total of 159 questionnaires were distributed for compound dog count. Information obtained included household information such as numbers of dogs in the premises, housing and control of dog movement. Others were history of dog bites and individual dog information such as breed, sex, age, source of dog, source of food and vaccination status. Two hundred and fifty-seven (257) dogs were counted which comprised 126 (49%) males and 131 (51%) females. Also, 46.3% of the dogs were confined. The dog vaccination coverage in the dog population surveyed was 47.9%. Majority of the respondents (83.3%) stated that no member of their family has been bitten by a dog. The findings of this study show female: male ratio of dog to be 1.04:1. There was negligent dog ownership as a good number of dogs were left to roam. There was a low anti-rabies vaccination coverage in Umuahia North and Umuahia South LGAs which falls below recommendation of 70-80% vaccination coverage by the World Health Organization to achieve herd immunity. Keywords: Demography, dog, Nigeria, rabies, Umuahia.

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