Ground tissue circuitry regulates organ complexity in maize and Setaria

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 374 (6572) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252
Author(s):  
Carlos Ortiz-Ramírez ◽  
Bruno Guillotin ◽  
Xiaosa Xu ◽  
Ramin Rahni ◽  
Sanqiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Tissue

scholarly journals A Method for Prediction of Graft Incompatibility in Sweet Cherry

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Filiz GUCLU ◽  
Fatma KOYUNCU
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Total Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Graft Incompatibility ◽  
Old Trees

This study was carried out on 1-year old trees of ‘0900 Ziraat’ variety grafted onto ‘Kuş kirazi’, ‘Kara idris’, ‘Sari idris’, ‘MaxMa 14’, ‘MaxMa 60’ and ‘Gisela 5’ in order to determine their compatibility. For this purpose, total peroxidase activity was determined by spectrophotomery assay. Taking ground tissue samples were planned three times as before the grafting (beginning), and then 8 and 12 months after grafting. Total peroxidase activities of rootstocks before grafting varied between 10.80 ΔAg.min. (‘Kuş kirazi’) and 7.83 ΔAg.min. (‘Kara idris’) and were found to be statistically important. The peroxidase activity of ‘0900 Ziraat’ was 11.07ΔAg.min. and the closest value occurred in Prunus avium rootstock. The most different values occurred in rootstocks of ‘Kara idris’ and ‘Gisela 5’. The results showed that peroxidase activity increased in rootstock and graft scion. This increase had higher values in heterogenetic combinations especially in ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Gisela 5’ and ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Kara idris’ grafts. Peroxidase activity was decreased at the 12th month for all combinations. The highest value was obtained from ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘MaxMa 14’ combinaion with 29.17 ΔAg.min. while lowest one was ‘0900 Ziraat’/‘Kuş kirazi’ with 17.39. The findings showed that peroxidase activity could be used as a parameter in early determination of graft incompatibility.

The response of western juniper (Juniperusoccidentalis) to reductions in above-and below-ground tissue

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Miller ◽  
L. E. Eddleman ◽  
J. M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Assimilation ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Use Efficiency

Plants are balanced systems that integrate processes of carbon fixation and uptake of water and nutrients to optimize resource acquisition. Response of Juniperusoccidentalis Hook. to reductions in above- and below-ground tissue was measured to determine effects on carbon dioxide assimilation, leaf conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide, xylem water potential, foliage nutrient concentration, aboveground growth, water-use efficiency, and potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiencies. Approximately 50% of the old foliage was removed and lateral roots were severed at the canopy edge in early April 1988; physiological processes were measured during three periods in the summer of 1988. Foliage removal increased rates of carbon dioxide assimilation and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, but neither increased growth nor improved water status or nitrogen concentration of remaining foliage. Cutting lateral roots reduced assimilation, leaf conductance, foliage nitrogen concentration, branchlet elongation, water-use efficiency, and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency. By late August, juvenile and small-adult J. occidentalis in the cut-top treatment had compensated for foliage removal by reestablishing patterns of water-use efficiencies similar to those of control plants, which may indicate that an overall metabolic control was functioning to regulate the balance between carbon dioxide assimilation and water loss. Cutting lateral roots had a more lasting effect on efficiencies; by late August, juveniles and small adults still had significantly lower water-use efficiencies than controls.

Molecular analysis of SCARECROW function reveals a radial patterning mechanism common to root and shoot

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Wysocka-Diller ◽  
Y. Helariutta ◽  
H. Fukaki ◽  
J.E. Malamy ◽  
P.N. Benfey
Keyword(s):  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Tissue Layer ◽  
Radial Pattern ◽  
Radial Patterning ◽  
Bundle Sheath Cells ◽  
Root Analysis ◽  
Tight Correlation ◽  
Embryonic Root

Mutation of the SCARECROW (SCR) gene results in a radial pattern defect, loss of a ground tissue layer, in the root. Analysis of the shoot phenotype of scr mutants revealed that both hypocotyl and shoot inflorescence also have a radial pattern defect, loss of a normal starch sheath layer, and consequently are unable to sense gravity in the shoot. Analogous to its expression in the endodermis of the root, SCR is expressed in the starch sheath of the hypocotyl and inflorescence stem. The SCR expression pattern in leaf bundle sheath cells and root quiescent center cells led to the identification of additional phenotypic defects in these tissues. SCR expression in a pin-formed mutant background suggested the possible origins of the starch sheath in the shoot inflorescence. Analysis of SCR expression and the mutant phenotype from the earliest stages of embryogenesis revealed a tight correlation between defective cell divisions and SCR expression in cells that contribute to ground tissue radial patterning in both embryonic root and shoot. Our data provides evidence that the same molecular mechanism regulates the radial patterning of ground tissue in both root and shoot during embryogenesis as well as postembryonically.

DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES OF THE APPLE FRUIT IN THE VARIETIES McINTOSH RED AND WAGENER: II. AN ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT

1941 ◽  
Vol 19c (10) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary MacArthur ◽  
R. H. Wetmore
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Cell Enlargement ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Fundamental Pattern

Growth in the various tissues of the fruit of a McIntosh Red and a Wagener tree, both self-pollinated, is compared. For several days succeeding pollination no increase in fruit size is apparent. Fertilization is followed by general cell division and cell enlargement. The period of cell division varies with the tissue and with the variety. Final cell size is reached first by the cells of those tissues near the centre of the apple. Impressed upon the fundamental pattern of growth is the localized activity of the primary vascular bundles, the cambia of which add cells to the ground tissue. Angulation in the Wagener is accentuated by this activity. With the exception of cells of the epidermis, final cell size is approximately equal in comparable regions of the two varieties. Differences in regional extent are due to differences in numbers of cells in that region.

Samara development of black maple (Acer saccharum ssp. nigrum) with emphasis on the wing

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Jacobs Peck ◽  
Nels R. Lersten
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Short Fibers ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Dorsal Ridge ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Oriented Parallel ◽  
Reticulate Venation ◽  
Lateral Orientation

Black maple (Acer saccharum Marsh, ssp. nigrum (Michx. f.) Desm.) carpels are initiated in late summer and over winter as paired, hood-shaped primordia with a naked megasporangium on each inrolled margin. The biloculate ovary develops from the lower portion of the primordium. The mature pericarp, about 30 cells thick, includes (i) the exocarp: outer epidermis and one to three layers of thick-walled hypodermal cells; (ii) the mesocarp: about 20 cells thick with reticulate venation and an innermost crystalliferous layer; and (iii) the endocarp: five to eight layers of short fibers oriented parallel to the locule surface. The samara wing arises from the dorsal ridge of the carpel primordium. The wing blade is approximately 10 cell layers thick with unifacial anatomy. Vascular bundles from opposite sides of the carpel alternate within the wing, thus xylem and phloem are oriented oppositely in adjacent bundles. The chlorenchymatous ground tissue ranges from compact subepidermal cells to elongated spongy cells, with increasing lateral orientation of cell arms in the mid-lamina. These central cells become sclerified, forming curved, branched fibers that buttress the vascular framework. Wing development and structure suggest early photosynthetic activity, which declines as sclerification and drying progress. Key words: Acer saccharum, anatomy, development, fruit, maple, samara.

Electron-probe microanalysis of silicon in the adventitious roots and terminal internode of the culm of Zea mays

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2024-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne M. Bennett ◽  
A. G. Sangster
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalysis ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Ground Tissue ◽  
Epidermal Cell Wall

The adventitious roots and terminal internode of the culm of mature, field-grown specimens of five cultivars of Zea mays L. were investigated with relation to silicon, using electron-probe microanalysis. No silicon was detected above the background level within the endodermis or any other tissues within the adventitious roots. In contrast, however, in the terminal internode silicon was present in the outermost layers of cells, the highest levels being detected in the outer epidermal wall. It was also present in the internal epidermal cell wall, as well as in the walls of underlying tissues of the outer region of the culm, in the sclerenchyma, and at a low level in the parenchyma forming the ground tissue. Thus, the culms displayed a decreasing gradient of silicon content, probably in the form of amorphous silica gel, in cell walls, proceeding from the outermost layer, the epidermis, to the centrally located ground parenchyma, a result generally consistent for all five cultivars. The results are discussed in relation to the anatomy of these tissues and their silicification.

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