The polio eradication campaign is faltering. Can a new vaccine help it get back on track?

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Eradication Campaign

scholarly journals Some lessons for malaria from the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matiana González-Silva ◽  
N. Regina Rabinovich
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Governance Strategy ◽  
Malaria Eradication ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched in 1988 with the aim of completely clearing wild polio viruses by 2000. More than three decades later, the goal has not been achieved, although spectacular advances have been made, with wild polio virus reported in only 2 countries in 2019. In spite of such progress, novel challenges have been added to the equation, most importantly outbreaks of vaccine-derived polio cases resulting from reversion to neurovirulence of attenuated vaccine virus, and insufficient coverage of vaccination. In the context of the latest discussions on malaria eradication, the GPEI experience provides more than a few lessons to the malaria field when considering a coordinated eradication campaign. The WHO Strategic Advisory Committee on Malaria Eradication (SAGme) stated in 2020 that in the context of more than 200 million malaria cases reported, eradication was far from reach in the near future and, therefore, efforts should remain focused on getting back on track to achieve the objectives set by the Global Technical Strategy against Malaria (2016–2030). Acknowledging the deep differences between both diseases and the stages they are in their path towards eradication, this paper draws from the history of GPEI and highlights relevant insights into what it takes to eradicate a pathogen in fields as varied as priority setting, global governance, strategy, community engagement, surveillance systems, and research. Above all, it shows the critical need for openness to change and adaptation as the biological, social and political contexts vary throughout the time an eradication campaign is ongoing.

Polio eradication campaign loses ground

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6449) ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
Leslie Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Eradication Campaign

scholarly journals The role of genetic sequencing and analysis in the polio eradication programme

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jorgensen ◽  
Margarita Pons-Salort ◽  
Alexander G Shaw ◽  
Nicholas C Grassly
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative

Abstract Genetic sequencing of polioviruses detected through clinical and environmental surveillance is used to confirm detection, identify their likely origin, track geographic patterns of spread, and determine the appropriate vaccination response. The critical importance of genetic sequencing and analysis to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative has grown with the increasing incidence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) infections in Africa specifically (470 reported cases in 2019), and globally, alongside persistent transmission of serotype 1 wild-type poliovirus in Pakistan and Afghanistan (197 reported cases in 2019). Adapting what has been learned about the virus genetics and evolution to address these threats has been a major focus of recent work. Here, we review how phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods have been used to trace the spread of wild-type polioviruses and identify the likely origins of VDPVs. We highlight the analysis methods and sequencing technology currently used and the potential for new technologies to speed up poliovirus detection and the interpretation of genetic data. At a pivotal point in the eradication campaign with the threat of anti-vaccine sentiment and donor and public fatigue, innovation is critical to maintain drive and overcome the last remaining circulating virus.

Polio eradication campaign copes with unusual outbreak

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1394-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cassandra Willyard
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Eradication Campaign

scholarly journals POLIO VACCINE; INACTIVATED POLIO VACCINE INTERVENTION AND POLIO ERADICATION CAMPAIGN; KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF YOUNG DOCTORS

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 919-923
Author(s):  
NAILA AZAM ◽  
SHAMAILA MOHSIN ◽  
AAMIRA HASHMI ◽  
MUHAMMAD IMRAN ◽  
FARMAN ALI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

The power of individuals and the dependency of nations in global eradication and immunisation campaigns

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Muraskin
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
Moral Imperative ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Gates Foundation

I have intensively focused on the International Task Force on Hepatitis B Immunisation – led by James Maynard, Alfred Prince and Richard Mahoney; the Children’s Vaccine Initiative led by or influenced by Scott Halstead, Philip Russell and Roy Widdus; the Bill and Melinda Gates’ Children’s Vaccine Programme led by Mark Kane and James Maynard; the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization created by Mark Kane, Tore Godal, Jacques-Francois Martin, Steve Landry and Amy Bateson; the Rockefeller Foundation’s Public-Private Partnership project single-handedly championed by Ariel Pablos-Mendez (with the support of Timothy Evans) – many of which were ultimately adopted by the Gates Foundation and (incorrectly) seen as originating with it; and the global polio eradication campaign conceived by William Foege, Alan Hinman, Ciro de Quadros and run by Bruce Alyward. Driven by a powerful moral imperative and social consciousness, these dozen and a half men fought to make things happen that under normal circumstances would not have happened in the fight to save the lives of countless children using vaccines and immunisation as their tools. Among their supporters have been many engaged and committed vaccine champions within the scientific community: scientist/activists working for what they believed was clearly the ‘Greater Good’.

scholarly journals Spread of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus from a Paralytic Case in an Immunodeficient Child: an Insight into the Natural Evolution of Oral Polio Vaccine

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 1062-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Cherkasova ◽  
M. L. Yakovenko ◽  
G. V. Rezapkin ◽  
E. A. Korotkova ◽  
O. E. Ivanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Synonymous Mutations ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Recombinant Type ◽  
Eradication Campaign ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT Sabin strains used in the manufacture of oral polio vaccine (OPV) replicate in the human organism and can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses. The increased neurovirulence of vaccine derivatives has been known since the beginning of OPV use, but their ability to establish circulation in communities has been recognized only recently during the latest stages of the polio eradication campaign. This important observation called for studies of their emergence and evolution as well as extensive surveillance to determine the scope of this phenomenon. Here, we present the results of a study of vaccine-derived isolates from an immunocompromised poliomyelitis patient, the contacts, and the local sewage. All isolates were identified as closely related and slightly evolved vaccine derivatives with a recombinant type 2/type 1 genome. The strains also shared several amino acid substitutions including a mutation in the VP1 protein that was previously shown to be associated with the loss of attenuation. Another mutation in the VP3 protein resulted in altered immunological properties of the isolates, possibly facilitating virus spread in immunized populations. The patterns and rates of the accumulation of synonymous mutations in isolates collected from the patient over the extended period of excretion suggest either a substantially nonuniform rate of mutagenesis throughout the genome, or, more likely, the strains may have been intratypic recombinants between coevolving derivatives with different degrees of divergence from the vaccine parent. This study provides insight into the early stages of the establishment of circulation by runaway vaccine strains.

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