A new wrinkle on liquid sheets: Turning the mechanism of viscous bubble collapse upside down

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 369 (6504) ◽  
pp. 685-688
Author(s):  
Alexandros T. Oratis ◽  
John W. M. Bush ◽  
Howard A. Stone ◽  
James C. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dynamic Buckling ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Buckling Instability ◽  
Liquid Sheets ◽  
Film Collapse ◽  
Elastic Sheets ◽  
Film Weight

Viscous bubbles are prevalent in both natural and industrial settings. Their rupture and collapse may be accompanied by features typically associated with elastic sheets, including the development of radial wrinkles. Previous investigators concluded that the film weight is responsible for both the film collapse and wrinkling instability. Conversely, we show here experimentally that gravity plays a negligible role: The same collapse and wrinkling arise independently of the bubble’s orientation. We found that surface tension drives the collapse and initiates a dynamic buckling instability. Because the film weight is irrelevant, our results suggest that wrinkling may likewise accompany the breakup of relatively small-scale, curved viscous and viscoelastic films, including those in the respiratory tract responsible for aerosol production from exhalation events.

Application of an Improved Ghost Fluid Method to the Collapse of Non-Spherical Bubbles in a Compressible Liquid

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Takahira ◽  
Yoshinori Jinbo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Shock Waves ◽  
Thermal Diffusion ◽  
Level Set ◽  
Compressible Liquid ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Ghost Fluid Method ◽  
Toroidal Bubble ◽  
The Impact

The ghost fluid method (GFM) is improved to investigate violent bubble collapse in a compressible liquid, in which the adaptive mesh refinement with multigrids, the surface tension, and the thermal diffusion through the bubble interface are taken into account. The improved multigrid GFM is applied to the interaction of an incident shock wave with a bubble. The multigrid GFM captures the fine interfacial and vortex structures of the toroidal bubble when the bubble collapses violently accompanied with the penetration of the liquid jet and the formation of the shock waves. The multigrid GFM is also applied to the bubble collapse near a tissue surface in which the tissue is modeled with gelatin in order to predict the tissue damage due to the bubble collapse; the motions of three phases for the gas inside the bubble, the liquid surrounding the bubble, and the gelatin boundary are solved directly by coupling the level set method with the improved GFM. Two kinds of level set functions are utilized for distinguishing the gas-liquid interface from the liquid-gelatin interface. It is shown that the impact of the shock waves generated from the collapsing bubble on the boundary leads to the formation of depression of the boundary; the toroidal bubble penetrates into the depression. Also, the surface tension effects are successfully included in the improved GFM. The thermal effects of internal gas on the bubble collapse are also discussed by considering the thermal diffusion across the interface in the GFM. The thermal boundary layers of the toroidal bubble are captured with the method. The result shows that the smaller the initial bubble radius becomes, the lower the maximum temperature inside the bubble becomes because of the thermal diffusion across the interface.

Effects of DNA Encapsulation on Buckling Instability of Carbon Nanotube Based on Nonlocal Elasticity Theory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Rafati ◽  
Mohsen Asghari ◽  
Sachin Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Elasticity Theory ◽  
Nonlocal Elasticity ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Nonlocal Elasticity Theory ◽  
Van Der Waals Interactions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Elastic Rod ◽  
Nano Structure ◽  
Buckling Instability ◽  
Nano Structures

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are capable to absorb and encapsulate some molecules to create new hybrid nano-structures providing a variety of functionally useful properties. CNTs functionalized by encapsulaitng single-stranded deoxy-ribonucleic acid (ssDNA) promise great potentials for applications in nanotechnology and nano-biotechnology. In this paper, buckling instability of ssDNA@CNT i.e. hybrid nano-structure composed of ssDNA encapsulated inside CNT has been investigated using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The nonlocal elasticity theory is capable to capture the small scale effects due to the discontinuity of nano-structures at atomic scales. The nonlocal elastic rod and shell equations are derived for modeling ssDNA and CNT respectively. Providing numerical examples, it is predicted that, ssDNA@(10,10) CNT is more resistant than the pristine (10,10) CNT against the buckling instability under radial pressure due to the inter-atomic van der Waals interactions between DNA and CNT. Furthermore, nonlocal elasticity theory predicts lower critical buckling pressure than does the local elasticity theory.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Model to Predict Simplex Atomizer Performance

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liao ◽  
A. T. Sakman ◽  
S. M. Jeng ◽  
M. A. Jog ◽  
M. A. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Linear Stability ◽  
Linear Stability Analysis ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Spray Angle ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Finite Volume Scheme ◽  
Axial Component ◽  
Liquid Sheets

The pressure swirl atomizer, or simplex atomizer, is widely used in liquid fuel combustion devices in the aerospace and power generation industries. A computational, experimental, and theoretical study was conducted to predict its performance. The Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian method with a finite-volume scheme is employed in the CFD model. Internal flow characteristics of the simplex atomizer, as well as its performance parameters such as discharge coefficient, spray angle and film thickness, are predicted. A temporal linear stability analysis is performed for cylindrical liquid sheets under three-dimensional disturbances. The model incorporates the swirling velocity component, finite film thickness and radius that are essential features of conical liquid sheets emanating from simplex atomizers. It is observed that the relative velocity between the liquid and gas phases, density ratio and surface curvature enhance the interfacial aerodynamic instability. The combination of axial and swirling velocity components is more effective than only the axial component for disintegration of liquid sheet. For both large and small-scale fuel nozzles, mean droplet sizes are predicted based on the linear stability analysis and the proposed breakup model. The predictions agree well with experimental data at both large and small scale.

Dynamic Behavior of Liquid Mercury Droplets Colliding with a Solid Surface

2014 ◽  
Vol 566 ◽  
pp. 391-396
Author(s):  
Takashi Naoe ◽  
Masatoshi Futakawa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Dynamic Behavior ◽  
Solid Surface ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Quartz Plate ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Liquid Mercury

The dynamic behavior of liquid mercury and water droplets colliding with a solid surface were precisely examined as part of a fundamental study for investigating the behavior of a liquid microjet emitted as a result of a cavitation bubble collapse in mercury. Liquid droplets were collided with a quartz plate by the free-fall method, and the colliding and spreading behaviors of the liquids were observed using a high-speed video camera. In the case of mercury droplets, the spreading, recoiling, and jump-up phenomena resulting from the high surface tension of mercury were observed. The ratio of the maximum spreading diameter,Dmax, to the initial droplet diameter,D0, was investigated by parametrically changing the colliding velocity and tilt-angle of the quartz plate. The result showed that the ratioDmax/D0was well correlated with the Weber number, which is defined as a function of the colliding velocity and surface tension, independent of the liquid considered.

Cavitation Bubble Collapse in Viscous, Compressible Liquids—Numerical Analysis

1965 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Ivany ◽  
F. G. Hammitt
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Compressible Liquid ◽  
Navier Stokes ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Navier Stokes Equation ◽  
Scaling Parameters ◽  
Collapse Behavior ◽  
Normalized Solution

Collapse of a spherical bubble in a compressible liquid, including the effects of surface tension, viscosity, and an adiabatic compression of gas within the bubble is investigated by numerical solutions of the hydrodynamic equations. A limiting value of shear viscosity causes the bubble collapse to slow down markedly, for both compressible and incompressible liquids, whereas moderate viscosities have very little effect on the rate of collapse. The inclusion of surface tension and viscosity introduces two scaling parameters into the solution, so that a single normalized solution is no longer sufficient to describe collapse behavior. The magnitude of the density changes calculated for the compressible liquid and the extremely rapid changes with time suggest that the usual Navier-Stokes equation of motion may not be appropriate. The possibility of liquid relaxational phenomenon and its contribution to sonoluminescence is considered. Shock waves or damagingly high pressures are not generated during collapse at a distance in the liquid equal to the initial radius from the center of collapse, although they will appear at such a distance if the bubble rebounds.

A photographic investigation into the disintegration of liquid sheets

1954 ◽  
Vol 247 (924) ◽  
pp. 101-130 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Free Edge ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Liquid Sheet ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
High Surface Tension ◽  
Liquid Sheets ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Spinning Disk

The types of apparatus used to produce liquid sheets are classified according to the manner in which the energy is imparted to the liquid. The factors influencing the development, stability and manner of disintegration of a liquid sheet are examined more particularly with flat sheets produced from the single-hole fan-spray nozzle and the spinning disk. The development of the liquid sheet is influenced by the liquid properties. As the working pressure is raised the width of the sheet increases, but this development is hindered by high surface tension. It is shown that the effect of a surface-active agent on the development is only influential where the surface is not expanding or changing rapidly. Consequently its effect is more pronounced as the liquid moves farther away from the orifice. Increase of viscosity at the same pressure causes the region of disintegration to move away from the orifice, and high viscosity maintains the sheet undisturbed by air friction. Density has little effect on the area of the sheet. The effect of turbulence in the orifice is shown to be responsible for at least two types of disturbance in the sheet which results in holes being formed near the orifice. The depth of the disturbance in the sheet has to be equal to the thickness before disruption occurs. Similar disruption through the formation of holes can be caused by suspensions of unwettable particles. Wettable particles in low concentration, irrespective of their size, have no effect on the manner of disintegration. The most placid, stable and resistant sheet is obtained with a liquid of high surface tension, high viscosity, low density, giving low turbulence in the nozzle. Such a sheet will disintegrate when the velocity is raised and disintegration can occur through air friction. The easiest sheet to disintegrate is obtained with a liquid of low surface tension, low viscosity, low density and with low turbulence in the nozzle. Disintegration will occur near the nozzle at low velocities through waves caused by air friction. Disintegration through the formation of holes in the sheet can occur at low velocity with liquids of high surface-tension, low viscosity and high density where turbulence obtains in the nozzle. The formation of ligaments or threads is a necessary stage before the production of drops. Threads can be formed directly from any free edge or in the boundary. A free edge is formed when equilibrium exists between surface tension and inertia forces. In the spinning disk, at low flow rates, where the sheet is in contact with the surface of the disk, drops are formed at the ends of threads which break down into a limited number of sizes. At high flow rates a free edge of liquid exists outside the periphery of the disk with the formation of more irregular threads and a wider spectrum of drop sizes results. Where perforations occur in the sheet, expansion of the hole by surface tension occurs very regularly so that the holes remain nearly circular until they coalesce forming long threads. These long threads quickly become unstable and break down into drops. Threads being approximately uniform in diameter produce uniform drops, but the irregular areas of liquid which occur when a number of holes expand towards each other produce a wide variety of drop sizes. When the velocity of the sheet in the atmosphere is high, air friction causes slight variations in the sheet to develop rapidly into major wave disturbances, and these can result in holes being blown through the sheet so that disruption starts before the formation of a leading edge. With liquids having visco-elastic properties the sheet disintegrates through the formation of waves, but the rapid increase of viscosity, as the rate of shear is reduced, prevents further break-up of the threads into drops and a web of fine threads only is produced.

BOUNDARY INTEGRAL FORMULATION FOR THE COLLAPSE OF AN INITIALLY SPHERICAL VAPOR CAVITY UNDER THE EFFECT OF THE CURVATURE

1995 ◽  
Vol 05 (07) ◽  
pp. 923-933
Author(s):  
A. PIACENTINI
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Boundary Element Method ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Spline Approximation ◽  
Boundary Integral ◽  
Small Radius ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Linear Boundary ◽  
Vapor Cavity ◽  
Boundary Integral Formulation

The effect of the curvature is usually neglected in the mathematical models of bubble collapse. For bubbles of sufficiently small radius such effect becomes of relevant interest. A linear boundary element method (B.E.M.) with a cubic spline approximation of the domain that takes the surface tension into account is presented.

Influence of Physical Parameters on the Collapse of a Spherical Bubble

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Physical Parameter ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Bubble Collapse ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Liquid Environment ◽  
Spherical Bubble ◽  
Maple Code ◽  
Surrounding Liquid

This paper examines the influence of physical parameters on the collapse dynamics of a spherical bubble filled with diatomic gas ($\kappa=7/5$). The present numerical investigation shows that each physical parameter affects the bubble collapse dynamics differently. After comparing the contribution of each physical parameter, it appears that, of all the parameters, the surrounding liquid environment affects the bubble collapse dynamics the most. Meanwhile, surface tension has the weakest influence and can be ignored in the bubble collapse dynamics. However, surface tension must be retained in the initial analysis since this, as well as the pressure difference jointly control initial bubble formation. As an essential part of this study, a general Maple code is provided.

Nonlinear interactions between a free-surface flow with surface tension and a submerged cylinder

2010 ◽  
Vol 648 ◽  
pp. 485-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. MOREIRA ◽  
D. H. PEREGRINE
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Boundary Integral ◽  
Steady Solution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fully Nonlinear ◽  
Submerged Cylinder

A submerged cylinder in a uniform stream flow is approximated by a horizontal doublet, following Lamb's classical method. A linear steady solution including surface tension effects is derived, showing that under certain conditions small-scale ripples are formed ahead of the cylinder, while a train of ‘gravity-like’ waves appear downstream. Surface tension effects and a dipole are included in the fully nonlinear unsteady non-periodic boundary-integral solver described by Tanaka et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 185, 1987, pp. 235–248). Nonlinear effects are modelled by considering a flat free surface or the linear stationary solution as an initial condition for the fully nonlinear irrotational flow programme. Long-run computations show that these unsteady flows approach a steady solution for some parameters after waves have radiated away. In other cases the flow does not approach a steady solution. Interesting features at the free surface such as the appearance of ‘parasitic capillaries’ near the crest of gravity waves and the formation of capillary–gravity waves upstream of the cylinder are found.

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