scholarly journals Sequential replay of nonspatial task states in the human hippocampus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 364 (6447) ◽  
pp. eaaw5181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W. Schuck ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Sequential Structure ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Task Representations ◽  
The Brain

Sequential neural activity patterns related to spatial experiences are “replayed” in the hippocampus of rodents during rest. We investigated whether replay of nonspatial sequences can be detected noninvasively in the human hippocampus. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while resting after performing a decision-making task with sequential structure. Hippocampal fMRI patterns recorded at rest reflected sequentiality of previously experienced task states, with consecutive patterns corresponding to nearby states. Hippocampal sequentiality correlated with the fidelity of task representations recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex during decision-making, which were themselves related to better task performance. Our findings suggest that hippocampal replay may be important for building representations of complex, abstract tasks elsewhere in the brain and establish feasibility of investigating fast replay signals with fMRI.

scholarly journals Neuromarketing: The popularity of the brain-imaging and physiological tools

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Ahmed H. Alsharif ◽  
Nor Zafir Md Salleh ◽  
Rohaizat Baharun
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Marketing Methods ◽  
The Brain

In the last two decades, neuromarketing (NM) studies are snowballed because scientists and researchers are looking for understanding the mechanisms of decision-making in the consumer's brain toward marketing stimuli, for example, but not limited to advertising and brands that have not changed overnight. For this purpose, NM research is using state-of-the-art technology to gauge the responses of consumers’ minds to marketing stimuli, which is impossible by traditional marketing methods. In this paper, we have concentrated on neuromarketing tools such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and eye-tracking (ET). Literature indicates that EEG, fMRI, and ET enable to gauge consumers' neurometrics and biometrics responses; thereby, they provide valuable information about the physiological and mental reactions toward marketing stimuli, which can be used to improve marketing research. Neuromarketing can provide valuable information about consumer behaviour, which is impossible by traditional methods. We hope that this study provides valuable insights into neuromarketing and future directions.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE OF ECONOMICS AND PHILOSOPHY ON NEUROECONOMICS

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Bonanno ◽  
Christian List ◽  
Bertil Tungodden ◽  
Peter Vallentyne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Choices ◽  
The Brain

The past fifteen years or so have witnessed considerable progress in our understanding of how the human brain works. One of the objectives of the fast-growing field of neuroscience is to deepen our knowledge of how the brain perceives and interacts with the external world. Advances in this direction have been made possible by progress in brain imaging techniques and by clinical data obtained from patients with localized brain lesions. A relatively new field within neuroscience is neuroeconomics, which focuses on individual decision making and aims to systematically classify and map the brain activity that correlates with decision-making that pertains to economic choices. Neuroeconomic studies rely heavily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measures the haemodynamic response (that is, changes in the blood flow) related to neural activity in the brain.

scholarly journals Altered Functional Connectivity of the Primary Visual Cortex in Subjects with Amblyopia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Ding ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
Xiaohe Yan ◽  
Xiaoming Lin ◽  
Tianzi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Blurred Vision ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
The Brain

Amblyopia, which usually occurs during early childhood and results in poor or blurred vision, is a disorder of the visual system that is characterized by a deficiency in an otherwise physically normal eye or by a deficiency that is out of proportion with the structural or functional abnormalities of the eye. Our previous study demonstrated alterations in the spontaneous activity patterns of some brain regions in individuals with anisometropic amblyopia compared to subjects with normal vision. To date, it remains unknown whether patients with amblyopia show characteristic alterations in the functional connectivity patterns in the visual areas of the brain, particularly the primary visual area. In the present study, we investigated the differences in the functional connectivity of the primary visual area between individuals with amblyopia and normal-sighted subjects using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our findings demonstrated that the cerebellum and the inferior parietal lobule showed altered functional connectivity with the primary visual area in individuals with amblyopia, and this finding provides further evidence for the disruption of the dorsal visual pathway in amblyopic subjects.

scholarly journals Representation of Task Structure in Human Hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Mizrak ◽  
Nichole R. Bouffard ◽  
Laura A. Libby ◽  
Erie Boorman ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Customer Preference ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Support Decision Making

ABSTRACTMemories of previous experiences can be used to guide future decisions in similar situations. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus might support decision-making by forming representations that capture common elements across different events (e.g., “cognitive maps” or “schemas”). Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how the human hippocampus represents decision relevant information extracted from previous experiences. Participants performed a task in which they learned to predict a customer preference for foods in four different store contexts. The task was structured such that we could examine the degree to which hippocampal representations reflected generalized information about the store contexts, food items, and also the kind of information that was relevant to decisions on a given trial. Results showed that hippocampal activity patterns carried information about the kind of information that was currently relevant to a decision. Across different store contexts, hippocampal representations differentiated between context-determined (deterministic) decisions and context-invariant (probabilistic) decisions. Results also showed that information about store contexts was represented by the hippocampus, but contrary to what might be expected, similar contexts were hyper-differentiated from one another. These results suggest that the hippocampus may support decision-making by systematically mapping relationships between task relevant information, decisions, and outcomes.

scholarly journals Perceiving actions before they happen: psychological dimensions scaffold neural action prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A Thornton ◽  
Diana I Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Social World ◽  
Action Space ◽  
Action Prediction ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The social world buzzes with action. People constantly walk, talk, eat, work, play, snooze and so on. To interact with others successfully, we need to both understand their current actions and predict their future actions. Here we used functional neuroimaging to test the hypothesis that people do both at the same time: when the brain perceives an action, it simultaneously encodes likely future actions. Specifically, we hypothesized that the brain represents perceived actions using a map that encodes which actions will occur next: the six-dimensional Abstraction, Creation, Tradition, Food(-relevance), Animacy and Spiritualism Taxonomy (ACT-FAST) action space. Within this space, the closer two actions are, the more likely they are to precede or follow each other. To test this hypothesis, participants watched a video featuring naturalistic sequences of actions while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We first use a decoding model to demonstrate that the brain uses ACT-FAST to represent current actions. We then successfully predicted as-yet unseen actions, up to three actions into the future, based on their proximity to the current action’s coordinates in ACT-FAST space. This finding suggests that the brain represents actions using a six-dimensional action space that gives people an automatic glimpse of future actions.

scholarly journals Integrating additional knowledge into the estimation of graphical models

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunqi Bu ◽  
Johannes Lederer
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Tuning Parameter ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Graphical Modeling ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Neighborhood Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Graphical models such as brain connectomes derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data are considered a prime gateway to understanding network-type processes. We show, however, that standard methods for graphical modeling can fail to provide accurate graph recovery even with optimal tuning and large sample sizes. We attempt to solve this problem by leveraging information that is often readily available in practice but neglected, such as the spatial positions of the measurements. This information is incorporated into the tuning parameter of neighborhood selection, for example, in the form of pairwise distances. Our approach is computationally convenient and efficient, carries a clear Bayesian interpretation, and improves standard methods in terms of statistical stability. Applied to data about Alzheimer’s disease, our approach allows us to highlight the central role of lobes in the connectivity structure of the brain and to identify an increased connectivity within the cerebellum for Alzheimer’s patients compared to other subjects.

scholarly journals Adaptive brain activity changes during tongue movement with palatal coverage from fMRI data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Inamochi ◽  
Kenji Fueki ◽  
Nobuo Usui ◽  
Masato Taira ◽  
Noriyuki Wakabayashi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Tongue Movement ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Oral Environment ◽  
Motor Dexterity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSuccessful adaptation to wearing dentures with palatal coverage may be associated with cortical activity changes related to tongue motor control. The purpose was to investigate the brain activity changes during tongue movement in response to a new oral environment. Twenty-eight fully dentate subjects (mean age: 28.6-years-old) who had no experience with removable dentures wore experimental palatal plates for 7 days. We measured tongue motor dexterity, difficulty with tongue movement, and brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging during tongue movement at pre-insertion (Day 0), as well as immediately (Day 1), 3 days (Day 3), and 7 days (Day 7) post-insertion. Difficulty with tongue movement was significantly higher on Day 1 than on Days 0, 3, and 7. In the subtraction analysis of brain activity across each day, activations in the angular gyrus and right precuneus on Day 1 were significantly higher than on Day 7. Tongue motor impairment induced activation of the angular gyrus, which was associated with monitoring of the tongue’s spatial information, as well as the activation of the precuneus, which was associated with constructing the tongue motor imagery. As the tongue regained the smoothness in its motor functions, the activation of the angular gyrus and precuneus decreased.

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