scholarly journals Representation of Task Structure in Human Hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Mizrak ◽  
Nichole R. Bouffard ◽  
Laura A. Libby ◽  
Erie Boorman ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Customer Preference ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Support Decision Making

ABSTRACTMemories of previous experiences can be used to guide future decisions in similar situations. Recent evidence suggests that the hippocampus might support decision-making by forming representations that capture common elements across different events (e.g., “cognitive maps” or “schemas”). Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test how the human hippocampus represents decision relevant information extracted from previous experiences. Participants performed a task in which they learned to predict a customer preference for foods in four different store contexts. The task was structured such that we could examine the degree to which hippocampal representations reflected generalized information about the store contexts, food items, and also the kind of information that was relevant to decisions on a given trial. Results showed that hippocampal activity patterns carried information about the kind of information that was currently relevant to a decision. Across different store contexts, hippocampal representations differentiated between context-determined (deterministic) decisions and context-invariant (probabilistic) decisions. Results also showed that information about store contexts was represented by the hippocampus, but contrary to what might be expected, similar contexts were hyper-differentiated from one another. These results suggest that the hippocampus may support decision-making by systematically mapping relationships between task relevant information, decisions, and outcomes.

scholarly journals Goal-oriented predictive representations in the human hippocampus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Crivelli-Decker ◽  
Alex Clarke ◽  
Seongmin Park ◽  
Derek Huffman ◽  
Erie Boorman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Navigation Task ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Physical Spaces

Recent work in cognitive and systems neuroscience has suggested that the hippocampus might support planning, imagination, and navigation by forming "cognitive maps" that capture the structure of physical spaces, tasks, and situations. Critically, navigation involves planning within a context and disambiguating similar contexts to reach a goal. We examined hippocampal activity patterns in humans during a goal-directed navigation task to examine how contextual and goal information are incorporated in the construction and execution of navigational plans. Results demonstrate that, during planning, the hippocampus carries a context-specific representation of a future goal. Importantly, this effect could not be explained by stimulus or spatial information alone. During navigation, we observed reinstatement of activity patterns in the hippocampus ahead of participants' required actions, which was strongest for behaviorally relevant points in the sequence. These results suggest that, rather than simply representing overlapping associations, hippocampal activity patterns are powerfully shaped by context and goals.

scholarly journals Sequential replay of nonspatial task states in the human hippocampus

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 364 (6447) ◽  
pp. eaaw5181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas W. Schuck ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Sequential Structure ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Task Representations ◽  
The Brain

Sequential neural activity patterns related to spatial experiences are “replayed” in the hippocampus of rodents during rest. We investigated whether replay of nonspatial sequences can be detected noninvasively in the human hippocampus. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while resting after performing a decision-making task with sequential structure. Hippocampal fMRI patterns recorded at rest reflected sequentiality of previously experienced task states, with consecutive patterns corresponding to nearby states. Hippocampal sequentiality correlated with the fidelity of task representations recorded in the orbitofrontal cortex during decision-making, which were themselves related to better task performance. Our findings suggest that hippocampal replay may be important for building representations of complex, abstract tasks elsewhere in the brain and establish feasibility of investigating fast replay signals with fMRI.

scholarly journals The hippocampus generalizes across memories that share item and context information

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Libby ◽  
J. Daniel Ragland ◽  
Charan Ranganath
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Similar Item ◽  
Single Attribute

ABSTRACTEpisodic memory is known to rely on the hippocampus, but how the hippocampus organizes different episodes to permit their subsequent retrieval remains controversial. According to one view, hippocampal coding differentiates between similar events to reduce interference, whereas an alternative view is that the hippocampus assigns similar representations to events that share item and context information. Here, we used multivariate analyses of activity patterns measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize how the hippocampus distinguishes between memories based on similarity of their item and/or context information. Hippocampal activity patterns discriminated between events that shared either item or context information, but generalized across events that shared similar item-context associations. The current findings provide novel evidence that, whereas the hippocampus can resist mnemonic interference by separating events that generalize along a single attribute dimension, overlapping hippocampal codes may support memory for events with overlapping item-context relations.

scholarly journals The human hippocampus plays a time-limited role in retrieving autobiographical memories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian W. Gilmore ◽  
Alina Quach ◽  
Sarah E. Kalinowski ◽  
Estefanía I. Gonzalez-Araya ◽  
Stephen J. Gotts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Temporal Gradient ◽  
Human Hippocampus ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Autobiographical Recall ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Graded Activity

ABSTRACTThe necessity of the human hippocampus for remote autobiographical recall remains fiercely debated. The standard model of consolidation predicts a time-limited role for the hippocampus, but the competing multiple trace/trace transformation theories posit indefinite involvement. Lesion evidence remains inconclusive, and the inferences one can draw from fMRI have been limited by reliance on covert (silent) recall, which obscures dynamic, moment-to-moment content of retrieved memories. Here, we capitalized on advances in fMRI denoising to employ overtly spoken recall. Forty participants retrieved recent and remote memories, describing each for approximately two minutes. Details associated with each memory were identified and modeled in the fMRI timeseries data using a variant of the Autobiographical Interview procedure, and activity associated with the recall of recent and remote memories was then compared. Posterior hippocampal regions exhibited temporally-graded activity patterns (recent events > remote events), as did several regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Consistent with predictions of the standard model, recall-related hippocampal activity differed from a non-autobiographical control task only for recent, and not remote, events. Task-based connectivity between posterior hippocampal regions and others associated with mental scene construction also exhibited a temporal gradient, with greater connectivity accompanying the recall of recent events. These findings support predictions of the standard model of consolidation and demonstrate the potential benefits of overt recall in neuroimaging experiments.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE VIKOR DALAM PENERIMAAN JURNALIS PADA KORAN WASPADA MEDAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Rahma Hayati ◽  
Mesran Mesran ◽  
Taronisokhi Zebua ◽  
Heri Nurdiyanto ◽  
Khasanah Khasanah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Support System ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Support Decision Making ◽  
Made In

The reception of journalists at the Waspada Daily Medan always went through several rigorous selections before being determined to be accepted as journalists at the Waspada Medan Daily. There are several criteria that must be possessed by each participant as a condition for becoming a journalist in the Daily Alert Medan. To get the best participants, the Waspada Medan Daily needed a decision support system. Decision Support Systems (SPK) are part of computer-based information systems (including knowledge-based systems (knowledge management)) that are used to support decision making within an organization or company. Decision support systems provide a semitructured decision, where no one knows exactly how the decision should be made. In this study the authors applied the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) as the method to be applied in the decision support system application. The VIKOR method is part of the Multi-Attibut Decision Making (MADM) Concept, which requires normalization in its calculations. The expected results in this study can obtain maximum decisions.Keywords: Journalist Acceptance, Decision Support System, VIKOR

Doping in sports – conscious lack of interest or ethical Everest?

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Population ◽  
Medical Setting ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
Physician Relationship ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents ◽  
Similar Development ◽  
Level Performance ◽  
Elite Sports ◽  
Support Decision Making

Within a clinical sports medical setting the discussion about doping is insufficient. In elite-sports use of pharmaceutical agents is daily business in order to maintain the expected top-level performance. Unfortunately, a similar development could be observed in the general population of leisure athletes where medical supervision is absent. As a sports physician you are facing imminent ethical questions when standing in between. Therefore, we propose the application of a standardised risk score as a tool to promote doping-prevention and launch the debate within athlete-physician-relationship. In the longterm such kind of risk stratification systems may support decision-making with regard to «protective» exclusion of sporting competition.

The use of a Domain Ontology for the Management of Essential Hypertension (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Chavez ◽  
Vanessa Perez ◽  
Angélica Urrutia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Domain Ontology ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Snomed Ct ◽  
History Of

BACKGROUND : Currently, hypertension is one of the diseases with greater risk of mortality in the world. Particularly in Chile, 90% of the population with this disease has idiopathic or essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure rates and it´s cause is unknown, which means that every patient might requires a different treatment, depending on their history and symptoms. Different data, such as history, symptoms, exams, etc., are generated for each patient suffering from the disease. This data is presented in the patient’s medical record, in no order, making it difficult to search for relevant information. Therefore, there is a need for a common, unified vocabulary of the terms that adequately represent the diseased, making searching within the domain more effective. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop a domain ontology for essential hypertension , therefore arranging the more significant data within the domain as tool for medical training or to support physicians’ decision making will be provided. METHODS The terms used for the ontology were extracted from the medical history of de-identified medical records, of patients with essential hypertension. The Snomed-CT’ collection of medical terms, and clinical guidelines to control the disease were also used. Methontology was used for the design, classes definition and their hierarchy, as well as relationships between concepts and instances. Three criteria were used to validate the ontology, which also helped to measure its quality. Tests were run with a dataset to verify that the tool was created according to the requirements. RESULTS An ontology of 310 instances classified into 37 classes was developed. From these, 4 super classes and 30 relationships were obtained. In the dataset tests, 100% correct and coherent answers were obtained for quality tests (3). CONCLUSIONS The development of this ontology provides a tool for physicians, specialists, and students, among others, that can be incorporated into clinical systems to support decision making regarding essential hypertension. Nevertheless, more instances should be incorporated into the ontology by carrying out further searched in the medical history or free text sections of the medical records of patients with this disease.

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