Conditioned cues elicit feeding in sated rats: a role for learning in meal initiation

Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 220 (4595) ◽  
pp. 431-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Weingarten
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Cues

scholarly journals Reinstatement of MDMA (ecstasy) seeking by exposure to discrete drug-conditioned cues

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Ball ◽  
Kelly M. Walsh ◽  
George V. Rebec
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Cues

scholarly journals Observation of others’ threat reactions recovers memories previously shaped by firsthand experiences

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2101290118
Author(s):  
Jan Haaker ◽  
Lorenzo Diaz-Mataix ◽  
Gemma Guillazo-Blanch ◽  
Sara A. Stark ◽  
Lea Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Behavior ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Analogous Experiment ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Conditioned Cues

Information about dangers can spread effectively by observation of others’ threat responses. Yet, it is unclear if such observational threat information interacts with associative memories that are shaped by the individual’s direct, firsthand experiences. Here, we show in humans and rats that the mere observation of a conspecific’s threat reactions reinstates previously learned and extinguished threat responses in the observer. In two experiments, human participants displayed elevated physiological responses to threat-conditioned cues after observational reinstatement in a context-specific manner. The elevation of physiological responses (arousal) was further specific to the context that was observed as dangerous. An analogous experiment in rats provided converging results by demonstrating reinstatement of defensive behavior after observing another rat’s threat reactions. Taken together, our findings provide cross-species evidence that observation of others’ threat reactions can recover associations previously shaped by direct, firsthand aversive experiences. Our study offers a perspective on how retrieval of threat memories draws from associative mechanisms that might underlie both observations of others’ and firsthand experiences.

scholarly journals A brainstem-central amygdala circuit underlies defensive responses to learned threats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiran Gu ◽  
Elena M. Vazey ◽  
Gary Aston-Jones ◽  
Longnian Lin ◽  
Joseph E. LeDoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Aversive Learning ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Behavioral Expression ◽  
Bidirectional Modulation ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Lateral Nucleus ◽  
Conditioned Cues

AbstractNorepinephrine (NE) plays a central role in the acquisition of aversive learning via actions in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA)1,2. However, the function of NE in expression of aversively-conditioned responses has not been established. Given the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in the expression of such behaviors3, and the presence of NE projections in this brain nucleus, we assessed the effects of NE activity in the CeA on behavioral expression using receptor-specific pharmacology and cell-and projection-specific chemogenetic manipulations. We found that inhibition and activation of locus coeruleus (LC) neurons decreases and increases freezing to aversively conditioned cues, respectively. We then show that locally inhibiting or activating LC terminals in CeA is sufficient to achieve this bidirectional modulation of defensive reactions. These findings support the hypothesis that LC projections to CeA are required for the expression of defensive responses elicited by conditioned threats.

scholarly journals Music-assisted systematic desensitization for the reduction of craving in response to drug-conditioned cues: A pilot study

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasileios Stamou ◽  
Theano Chatzoudi ◽  
Lelouda Stamou ◽  
Lucia Romo ◽  
Pierluigi Graziani
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Systematic Desensitization ◽  
Conditioned Cues

Conditioned Reinstatement in Rats: Effects of Exposure Distribution and Type of Cue

1972 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heywood Greenfield ◽  
David C. Riccio
Keyword(s):  
Retention Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Reliable Difference ◽  
Retention Loss ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
Exposure Distribution ◽  
Conditioned Cues

2 experiments examined the influence of interpolated exposure to conditioned cues upon retention in immature rats. In Exp. 1, distributed exposures or a massed exposure shortly before the retention test significantly improved memory relative to an untreated retention control group. In Exp. 2, brief exposures to distinctive apparatus stimuli previously paired with shock were effective in preventing retention loss while exposures to the compartment never associated with shock did not result in a reliable difference from the retention controls.

Extinction of conditioned cues attenuates incubation of cocaine craving in adolescent and adult rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather B. Madsen ◽  
Isabel C. Zbukvic ◽  
Sophia J. Luikinga ◽  
Andrew J. Lawrence ◽  
Jee Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cocaine Craving ◽  
Conditioned Cues

scholarly journals Low dose risperidone attenuates cue-induced but not heroin-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking in an animal model of relapse

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miaojun Lai ◽  
Weisheng Chen ◽  
Huaqiang Zhu ◽  
Xiaoli Zhou ◽  
Huifen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Adjunctive Therapy ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Locomotion Activity ◽  
Conditioned Cues

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment with risperidone on heroin self-administration and heroin-seeking behaviour induced by cues and heroin priming. Rats were trained to self-administer heroin under a fixed ratio 1 schedule for 2 wk and nose-poke responding was extinguished for 10 d, after which reinstatement of drug seeking was induced by conditioned cues or heroin priming. Acute risperidone administration at doses 10–100 µg/kg potently and dose-dependently inhibited reinstatement of conditioned cue-induced heroin seeking; the minimum dose of inhibition was 30 µg/kg. In contrast, risperidone at the same doses did not attenuate reinstatement induced by two priming doses of heroin (100 or 250 µg/kg s.c.). Risperidone at these doses failed to alter heroin self-administration and locomotion activity. These data demonstrate that acute treatment with low-dose risperidone inhibits conditioned cue-induced heroin seeking and risperidone may be an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of heroin addiction.

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